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INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES. Lecture # 1. Definition of Ethics. Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of the individuals, family or the society . It is; A ctivity and process of inquiry

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INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  2. Lecture # 1 Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  3. Definition of Ethics Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of the individuals, family or the society. It is; • Activity and process of inquiry • Non-moral problems, when dealing with issues and controversies • Particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits of individuals or family or groups concerned with morals. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  4. Morals: • Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the wise people, based on their experience and wisdom. • They were edited, changed or modified or evolved to suit the geography of the region, rulers with development of knowledge in science and technology Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  5. Morality Ethics • customs and traditions • concerned with the results of wrong action • Thrust is on judgment and punishment, in the name of God or by laws Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  6. What are Values? • Values are the operational qualities that companies seek to achieve or maintain in their performance OR • principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  7. Types of values • Right conduct • Peace • Truth • Love • Nonviolence. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  8. Types of values…contd • Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are: (a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self reliance, and tidy appearance (b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior, good manners, good relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good environment, and (c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, and efficiency Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  9. Types of values…contd 2. Values related to PEACE are: • Attention • Calmness • Concentration • Contentment • Dignity, • Discipline • Equality • Equanimity • Faithfulness • Focus • Gratitude • Happiness • Harmony • Humility, • Inner silence • Optimism • Patience • Reflection • Satisfaction • Self-acceptance • Self-confidence, • Self-control • Self-discipline • Self-esteem, • Self-respect, • Sense control • Tolerance • Understanding Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  10. Types of values…contd Values related to TRUTH are: • Accuracy • Curiosity • Discernment • Fairness • Fearlessness • Honesty, • Integrity - unity of thought, word, and deed • Intuition • Justice • Optimism • Purity • Quest for knowledge • Reason • Self-analysis • Sincerity • Spirit of enquiry • Synthesis • Trust • Truthfulness, • Determination. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  11. Types of values…contd Values related to LOVE are: • Acceptance • Affection • Care • Compassion • Consideration • Dedication • Devotion • Empathy • Forbearance • Forgiveness • Friendship • Generosity • Gentleness • Interdependence • Humanness • Kindness • Patience • Patriotism • Reverence • Sacrifice • Selflessness • Service • Sharing • Sympathy • Thoughtfulness • Tolerance • trust Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  12. Types of values…contd Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are: (a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: • Benevolence • Compassion • Concern for others • Consideration • Forbearance • Forgiveness • Manners • Happiness • Loyalty • Morality • Universal love (b) SOCIAL: • Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood • Care of environment • Citizenship • Equality • Harmlessness • National awareness • Perseverance • Respect for property • Social justice Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  13. Power of Values • Power of Values: The deepest poise for an individual, business, or society are its values. When values are implemented or are newly developed, then outer circumstances can change ten times faster (and better) than merely trying to change things on the surface. • Benefit of Values: • lower costs, • more access to money • better products, • more technology, • key to advancement, • Profitability • success in business. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  14. Power of Values (Contd…) • Values in Work: • In business one value everyone appreciates is the quality of the product • the value of quality. • steady progress, certainly it will be adhering to values. • Some of the values that are meaningful to business are: safety, security of job, family feeling, constant progress, reliability, honesty, efficient after-sales service, maximum use-value of product, courtesy, friendliness, ideals in work, trustworthiness, quality product and loyalty. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  15. Definition of Attitude: • A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an individual'schoice of action, and responsesto challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli). Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  16. Major components of attitude Four major components of attitude are: • Affective: emotions or feelings. • Cognitive: belief or opinionsheld consciously. • Conative:inclination for action. • Evaluative: positive or negative response to stimuli. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  17. Theoretical Ethics • Metaethics or analytical ethics: Theoretical study that inquires into semantic, logical, and epistemological issues in ethics. It investigates the meaning of ethical terms, the nature of value judgements, and the justification of ethical theories and judgements. • Normative ethics: Theory which justifies which acts are morally good/bad. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  18. Practical Ethics • Engineering ethics • Ethics of science • Bioethics • Medical ethics • Environmental ethics • Public ethics • Media ethics • Political ethics Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  19. ETHICS LAW MORAL SOCIETAL NORMATIVE SYSTEMS Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  20. Lecture # 2 Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  21. Computer Ethics Special Responsibilities Facing Computer Professionals and Users: • Maintaining relationships with and responsibilities toward customers, clients, coworkers, employees, and employers. • Making critical decisions that have significant consequences for many people. • Determining how to manage, select, or use computers in a professional setting. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  22. Ethical Views • Deontological • Emphasizes duty and absolute rules. • Rules should apply to everyone. • Use logic or reason to determine what is good. • Treat people as an ends (not a means). • Consequentialist • Includes Utilitarianism • Strive to increase “utility” (that which satisfies a person’s needs and values) for the most people (the greater good). • Consider the consequences for all affected people. • Rule-Utilitarianism: Choose rules, or guidelines for behavior, that generally increase utility. • Act-Utilitarianism: Analyze each action to determine if it increases utility. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  23. Ethical Views (cont’d) • Natural Rights • Derived from the nature of humanity • Focus is on the process by which people interact. • Respect the fundamental rights of others, including life, liberty, and property. • Reaching the Right Decision • There is no formula to solve ethical problems. • The computer professional must consider trade-offs. • Ethical theories help to identify important principles or guidelines. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  24. Ethical Views (cont’d) • Some Important Distinctions • Right, Wrong, and Okay: acts may be ethically obligatory, ethically prohibited, or ethically acceptable. • Negative rights (liberties): the right to act without coercive interference. • Positive rights (claim-rights): imposing an obligation on some people to provide certain things. • Causing harm: some acts may cause harm to others but are not necessarily unethical. • Goals vs. actions: the actions we take to achieve our goals should be consistent with our ethical constraints. • Personal preference vs. ethics: some issues we disapprove of because of our dislikes, rather than on ethical grounds. • Law vs. ethics: some acts are ethical, but illegal; other acts are legal, but unethical. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  25. Special Aspects of Professional Ethics • Computer Professionals: • Are experts in their field, • Know customers rely on their knowledge, expertise, and honesty, • Understand their products (and related risks) affect many people, • Follow good professional standards and practices, • Maintain an expected level of competence and are up-to-date on current knowledge and technology, and • Educate the non-computer professional. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  26. Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional • Understand Success Understand what success means—developers (especially) and users of computer systems must see beyond simply writing code to complete a task. • Design for Real Users To provide useful systems, real users must be included in the design stage. • Thorough Planning and Scheduling Pay attention to details—do a thorough and careful job when planning and scheduling a project and when writing bids. • Test With Real Users To provide safe systems, real users must be included in the testing stage. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  27. Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional (cont’d) • Evaluate Re-use of Software Don’t assume existing software is safe and re-usable. • Candidness Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and limitations of software. • Protect Require a convincing case for safety. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  28. Analyzing a Professional Ethical Scenario • Brainstorming phase • List risks, issues, problems, consequences. • List all the stakeholders. • List possible actions. • Analysis phase • Identify the responsibilities of the decision-maker. • Identify the rights of stakeholders. • Consider the impact of the action options on the stakeholders. • Find sections in codes of ethics that apply. Categorize each potential action or response as ethically obligatory, ethically prohibited, or ethically acceptable. • Consider the ethical merits of each option and select one. Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

  29. Profession(Societies) ClientsConsumers Engineer Colleagues Family (Private Sphere) Managers Ethics Contexts Engineering firm Ms. HinaGul, Introduction to Ethics, Values & Attitude

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