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Exploring Genetics

Exploring Genetics. Unit C. Basic Principles of Agricultural/Horticultural Science Problem Area 3. Understanding Cells, Genetics, and Reproduction. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!.

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Exploring Genetics

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  1. Exploring Genetics Unit C. Basic Principles of Agricultural/Horticultural Science Problem Area 3. Understanding Cells, Genetics, and Reproduction

  2. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! • MS‐LS2‐4. Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on recognizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences about changes in populations, and on evaluating empirical evidence supporting arguments about changes to ecosystems.] • RST.6‐8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (MS-LS1-6),(MS-LS2-1),(MS-LS2-4) • RST.6‐8.2 Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. • 6.RP.A.3 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (MS-LS2-2)

  3. Bell Work! • Explain how genotype and phenotype are different. • Describe how the gender of offspring is determined. • Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative inheritance

  4. Terms: • Gamete • Zygote • Chromosome • Genotype • Phenotype • Allele • Heterozygous • Homozygous • Dominant • Recessive • Offspring • Trait

  5. What determines the gender of offspring? • The study of genetics is concerned with the transfer of traits. • Gregor Mendel discovered that these traits are inherited through units called genes. • Genes were found in pairs and half of the inherited traits come from the father and half from the mother.

  6. Gametes • Sex cells! Known as the sperm from the male and egg from the female, • Meet in fertilization and mix genetic material from both. • The resulting zygote contains genes from both mother and father, and displays characteristics from both.

  7. Determination of the sex • Depends on the sex chromosomes. • Male sex chromosomes are either X or Y. • The male makes sex determination as all eggs from female receive an X chromosome. • Female zygote will have two X chromosomes (XX) while a male zygote will have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

  8. The same thing may happen with color! • Black Bull! • Black Cow!

  9. How are genotype and phenotype different? • Genotype is the actual genetic code. • It controls physical and performance traits. • The genotype of an organism cannot be changed by environmental factors.

  10. Phenotype • Is the organism’s physical or outward appearance. • This is the part of the genotype the organism expresses or shows. • In some instances, phenotype may be altered by the organism’s environment.

  11. Homozygous • A homozygous organism is one having similar alleles or genes on the DNA molecule for a particular trait.

  12. Heterozygous • A heterozygous organism is one having different alleles for a particular trait.

  13. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative traits? Qualitative traits are traits controlled only by a single pair of genes and cannot be altered by the environment. • These traits most easily show how genes are inherited. • An example is coat color.

  14. Quantitative traits • Traits controlled by several pairs of genes. • These traits are expressed across a range. • These traits can also be altered by environment. • Examples include rate of gain, growth rate, backfat depth, etc.

  15. Expression of Traits • Not all traits contained within an organism are expressed. • Dominant traits cover up or mask the alleles for recessive traits.

  16. Expression of Traits • In some organisms there are cases of codominance of traits in which both dominant and recessive genes are expressed. • Incomplete dominance may also occur. • This happens when a blending of the allele pair is expressed.

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