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Human Development

Human Development. The Process of Change that Occurs from Infancy to Death. Stages of Development…. Prenatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old Age. Guiding Principles…. Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages) Development is in sequence (stages)

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development • The Process of Change that Occurs from Infancy to Death

  2. Stages of Development…. • Prenatal • Infancy • Childhood • Adolescence • Adulthood • Old Age

  3. Guiding Principles…. • Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages) • Development is in sequence (stages) • Growth rates vary person to person • Readiness (The child must have mastered the previous stage) • Optimum time and Critical periods

  4. What happens if we hurry a child through a developmental sequence?

  5. Infant Development: Birth-Age 2 • Time of rapid brain growth • Feel • Smell • Taste

  6. Depth Perception?

  7. Adaptive (survival) Reflexes.. • Cough • Grasping reflex • Rooting reflex • Sucking reflex • Moro reflex

  8. Physical Development: Ages & Stages (sometimes called developmental milestones)

  9. Emotional Development: Even basic emotions take time to develop… • Excitement • Distress • Delight • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Elation • Affection • Jealousy • Joy

  10. Does Imprinting occur in human beings? Attachment= Strong emotional bonds

  11. Harry Harlow: “The Nature of Love”

  12. Harlow’s experiment in stages Experiment on intelligence evolves The Iron Maiden Harlow’s theory of love= Contact Comfort Harlow becomes President of the APA

  13. Less than one year later…. • Monkeys not thriving! • Unable to mate • Violently antisocial • Display autistic- like features (rocking, head-banging, biting themselves) • Extreme self mutilation

  14. Harlow identified three components to attachment: Touch-Motion-Play

  15. What about infant attachment? The Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth • Secure Attachment =mother is sensitive to infant, consistent, responsive • Ambivalent Attachment=Child sends mixed messages • Avoidant Attachment = child ignores mother- attaches to strangers same as parent • Disorganized Attachment= child is confused and disoriented, shows fear (abuse?)

  16. Is there a critical period for attachment? What do you think?

  17. How Important is Parenting?

  18. Traits of Greatest Importance to Parents…. • Frankness/honesty in dealing with others • Desire to make a name for one’s self • Concentration • Social mindedness (concern for others) • Strict obedience to authority • Appreciation of art, music, and literature • Economy in money matters • Loyalty to the church • Knowledge of sexual hygiene • Tolerance of others • Curiosity • Patriotism • Good manners • Independence • Academic achievement • Willingness to work hard

  19. Across generations…. 1929 197819891997 Frankness/honesty 27 26 56 38 Desire to make a name 5 1 3 4 Social Mindedness 9 7 0 0 Strict obedience 13 26 48 30 Appreciation art/music 0 5 12 8 Economy in money 25 17 11 30 Loyalty to the church 50 22 12 11 Knowledge of sexual hygiene 15 8 3 4 Tolerance of others 6 47 15 11 Curiosity 1 10 17 4 Patriotism 21 4 5 4 Good manners 30 23 8 30 Independence 25 76 40 34 Academic achievement 19 6 17 30 Willingness to work hard - - 45 64

  20. Parenting Beyond Attachment Types of Parents Diana Baumrind • Authoritarian: Enforce strict rules- demand obedience • Permissive: Little guidance, no limits, much freedom • Authoritative: firm/consistent, love & logic with responsibility

  21. Carl Rogers: Parents give 2 kinds of support… • Conditional Positive Regard= Parents show love only when child behaves in certain ways. • Unconditional Positive Regard= Parents show love – no matter “who” the child is, or how they behave.

  22. Positive-Strict-Warm • Better self-esteem • Strong morals/values • Responsible • Resilient in times of stress Negative-Permissive-Cold • Look to escape punishment • Lower self-esteem What is optimal?

  23. Goodness of fit……

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