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Distillation

Distillation. Start with a partially fermented product (containing some EtOH) Through a process of heating, vapor production, and condensation, solution with higher EtOH% is produced… HOW??. Ethanol-Water Phase Diagram. Magma.

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Distillation

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  1. Distillation • Start with a partially fermented product (containing some EtOH) • Through a process of heating, vapor production, and condensation, solution with higher EtOH% is produced… • HOW??

  2. Ethanol-Water Phase Diagram

  3. Magma • Differentiate magma based on it’s chemical composition  felsic vs. mafic

  4. Melt Composition + ‘freezing’ T • Liquid magma freezes into crystals  the composition of what freezes first is governed by the melt’s composition • Analogous to the composition of seawater ice  icebergs are composed of pure water; pure water freezes first, leaving the concentrated brine behind • In magmas  More silica = lower T; more Ca, Mg=higher T • Silica polymerization also affected by T and how much Si there is!

  5. Liquid hot MAGMA Mg2+ Na+ Ca2+ Fe2+ O2- O2- O2- O2- O2- O2- Si4+ O2- Si4+ O2- O2- Si4+ O2- • Discontinous series – Structures change, harder to re-equilibrate • Continuous Series  plag re-equilibrates quicker and if not is a continuum in composition rather than a change in mineral as T decreases rock Mg2+ Fe2+ cooling Mg2+

  6. Silicate structures: nesosilicates phyllosilicates sorosilicates inosilicates cyclosilictaes tectosilicates

  7. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 liquidus X • When crystal comes out of melt, some ions go in easier  more Ca rich crystals form 1st • Precipitated crystals react with cooling liquid, eventually will re-equilibrate back, totallly cooled magma xstals show same composition • Magma at composition X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools  first xstal bytownite solidus

  8. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1 X • Magma at composition X (30% Ca, 70% Na) cools  first crystal bytownite (73% Ca, 27% Na) • This shifts the composition of the remaining melt such that it is more Na-rich (Y) • What would be the next crystal to precipitate? • Finally, the last bit would crystallize from Z Y Z

  9. Melt-crystal equilibrium 1b • Precipitated crystals react with cooling liquid, eventually will re-equilibrate back, totally cooled magma xstals show same composition • UNLESS it cools so quickly the xstal becomes zoned or the early precipitates are segregated and removed from contact with the bulk of the melt

  10. Why aren’t all feldspars zoned? • Kinetics, segregation • IF there is sufficient time, the crystals will re-equilibrate with the magma they are in – and reflect the total Na-Ca content of the magma • IF not, then different minerals of different composition will be present in zoned plagioclase or segregated from each other physically

  11. Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility • 2 component mixing and separation  chicken soup analogy, cools and separates • Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if cooled slowly • Miscibility Gap – no single phase is stable • SOUP of X composition cooled in fridge Y vs freezer Z 100 SOUP X Temperature (ºC) 50 Y 0 fats ice Miscibility Gap Z -20 10 70 30 50 90 Water Fat % fat in soup

  12. monalbite anorthoclase 1100 high albite sanidine 900 intermediate albite Temperature (ºC) 700 orthoclase low albite microcline 500 Miscibility Gap 300 10 70 30 50 90 Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 Albite NaAlSi3O8 % NaAlSi3O8 Melt-crystal equilibrium 2 - miscibility • 2 component mixing and separation  chicken soup analogy, cools and separates • Fat and liquid can crystallize separately if cooled slowly • Miscibility Gap – no single mineral is stable in a composition range for x temperature

  13. Equilibrium • Need a description of a mineral’s equilibrium with it’s surroundings • For igneous minerals, this equilibrium is with the melt (magma) it forms from or is a representation of the Temperature and Pressure of formation

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