Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7

1. Nationalism and SectionalismChapter 7 “How did nationalism and sectionalism affect the United States from the early 1800s to the mid-1800s?”

2. Standards • SSUHS 7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. • a. Explain the impact the Industrial Revolutionas seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of thecotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. • b. Describe the westward growth of the United States including the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. • c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school. • d. Explain women’s efforts to gain the suffrage, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference. • e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding the suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

3. Industry and TransportationSection 1 • How did transportation developments and industrialization affect the nation’s economy? • Vocabulary: turnpike Francis Cabot Lowell National Road Lowell girl Erie Canal interchangeable parts Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney Samuel Slater Samuel F.B. Morse

4. Industry and Transportation The Transportation Revolution Main Idea: During the nineteenth century, efforts to improve overland transportation began through the United States. Most notable was the development of the railroads and steam-powered ships. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth Main Idea: Developments in technology transformed manufacturing. This transformation came to be known as the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the nation’s economy, culture, social life, and politics. Inventions Transform Industry and Agriculture Main Idea: The revolutions in transportation and industry were paralleled in the early 1800s by a number of key innovations. These innovations advanced the dramatic changes taking place in the American economy and society.

5. Transportation in Early 1800s

6. Transportation • Roads: Wilderness Road, Daniel Boone • Corduroy roads • Plank roads • National Road, Maryland to the Ohio River • Turnpikes

7. Transportation • Robert Fulton • First successful steam powered boat Clermont steamed upriver, against the current

8. Transportation • Canals: Erie Canal; completed in 1825 to join the Hudson River in New York state to Lake Erie • 3,300 miles of canals, mostly in the Northeast by 1840 • Provided transportation that linked farms to cities • Resulted in the growth of New York City; population grew to 800,000 by 1860

9. Canals Improve Transportation TRANSPARENCY Transparency : Canals Improve Transportation

10. Transportation • Railroads were cheaper to build, could climb hills, moved faster, and could carry more weight • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad • By 1860, 31,000 miles of track • Trains ended canal building

12. Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects NOTE TAKING

13. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth • Industrial Revolution: shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to the U.S. around 1800

14. Inventions • Samuel Slatercame to America from Britain with knowledge of the textile industry • Samuel Slater: first water-powered textile mill; opened first mill in Pawtucket, RI in 1793; used family system for employees • First successful textile mill in the U.S.

15. Industries of Northeast • Francis Cabot Lowell built the first totally centralized textile mill in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1813 • Hired young unmarried women, known as “Lowell girls,” because they would work for half the pay that men demanded

16. Changes in Factories • Machines increased pace of work • Divided work into small tasks • Reduced the need for skilled labor • Some jobs like sewing garments and shoes were still performed in the home

17. Inventions • Eli Whitney; factory to manufacture muskets • More efficient production of products • Interchangeable parts • Cotton Gin • Kept the South a land of slavery and farming

18. Telegraph • Samuel F.B. Morse: electric telegraph sent coded signals along a metal wire • By 1860 nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph lines

19. Communication • Postal service: 8,450 post offices by 1830 • Delivered mail as well as newspapers, magazines, and books

20. Agriculture • Agriculture remained the largest industry in the United States • Farmers adopted better methods for planting and harvesting crops • Improved methods for raising livestock • By 1840, the steel plow invented by John Deere and the mechanical reaper developed by Cyrus McCormick improved farming

21. Farm Work

22. Farm Inventions

23. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 1

24. Sectional DifferencesSection 2 • How did the North and South differ during the first half of the 1800s? • Vocabulary: Tariff of 1816 capital labor union nativist cotton gin

25. Sectional Differences The North Embraces Industry Main Idea: The tariff Congress placed on imported goods helped industry to flourish, particularly in the Northeast, where there were many factories and laborers to keep them running. Industrial Workers Main Idea: The arrival of industry changed the way many Americans worked by reducing the skill required for many jobs. This trend hurt highly skilled artisans, who could not compete with manufacturers working with many low-cost laborers. Southern Agricultural Economy and Society Main Idea: During the 1780s, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington hoped that slavery would gradually fade away. However, with the emergence of cotton as the South’s leading crop, slavery persisted. Continued…

26. Vocabulary • Free enterprise system: an economic system in which companies compete for profits; also called capitalism • Capital: wealth that can be invested to produce goods and make money • Bank note: a piece of paper that banks issued to their customers; similar to checks • The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith; the principle of supply and demand rather than government regulation should guide business decisions

27. Industrialization Spreads in the North • Embargo of 1807 and War of 1812 cut off access to British goods • Americans built factories in Northeast • Tariff of 1816: tax on imports to protect American manufacturers • Why did manufacturing grow in the North -Access to capital (money) -Cheap labor -Many swiftly flowing rivers to provide water power

28. Social Change in the North • Workers organize by forming labor unions: • groups of workers who unite for better pay and conditions • Workingmen’s Party • Unions use the strike to try to achieve goals • Middle class emerges – bankers, lawyers, accountants, etc. • Emigration from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s due to political upheavals, depressions, and famines; many were Catholic or Jewish

29. Labor Disputes • Long hours and low wages • Owners grow rich; workers will demand more from their bosses • Main complains are long hours and low wages • Strike: work stoppage • Labor union: organization of workers formed to protect the interests of its members; National Trades Union (NTU): formed to protect interests of workers; unions soon died out, but showed workers would take action against employers • By 1840s, North is a mixed economy of industry and agriculture

30. Rise of Banking • Banks made money by charging interest for the loans it made; banks used the money that customers deposited. • No insurance on deposits • Many banks made bad loans that could not be repaid • Bank notes, paper issued to customers, were unpredictable since the value fluctuated

31. Growth of Cities • By 1840 12% of the population lived in cities in the North • Tenements: crowded apartments with poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort • Cities were unable to handle the rapid increases in their populations; no sewage systems, or reliable water • Thousands killed or sickened by cholera in 1832 and 1833

32. Urban Growth • Cities: developed slowly • New Orleans, Charleston, Richmond; smaller populations than Northern cities • Poor housing and sanitation • Large numbers of free African Americans in cities; by 1850 12% of African Americans were free

33. Industrialization in the Northeast TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Industrialization in the Northeast

34. Geography of the South • Rural: Pertaining to the countryside • 200 to 290 frost-free days made farming profitable • Fertile soil and plentiful rain • Few factories in the South • Many farmers moved to trans-Appalachia • Small farmers often bought out by large plantation owners

35. The South - As cotton farming grew, so did the slave trade leading to several slave revolts South develops economy based on farming and slavery South has good conditions for farming Cotton Gin makes cotton manufacturing more profitable Rich landowners create huge plantations, relying on slave labor to grow cotton. Cottonocracy Cotton becomes the most valuable product in the South Industrial Revolution leads to growing textile industry which needs cotton to make cloth

36. “King Cotton” • Three developments increased cotton production: -cotton gin -western expansion -industrialization • “In the early 1800s cotton farming became the South’s main economic activity. This boosted the slave trade, triggering slave revolts in 1822 and 1831.” • 1850 crop over 1 billion pounds • 1860 cotton made up 2/3 of value of American exports • Created enormous wealth in the South

39. Life on a Plantation TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Life on a Plantation

40. Cotton Production and Slavery, 1800-1860 CHART Chart: Cotton Production and Slavery, 1800-1860

41. Slavery System • By 1804, all northern states had either banned slavery or passed laws to end it gradually • 1808, Congress banned importation of slaves • Slave trade in the South increased due to population growth of slaves • Slave population 3.2 million by 1850; 4 million in 1860; typical worth was $1,800 • Increase due to high birth rate • South became too dependent on one crop with the population dispersed; few immigrants; population in the North increased

42. Slavery on Farms • Small farms: more contact with whites • Large plantations: large slave communities • Harsher conditions • Women’s roles were difficult due to child care, housework, and laboring in the fields; some women endured physical or sexual abuse by owners

43. Slaves as Property • Prices for slaves rose in the 1830s • Price rose from $500. in 1832 to $1,300 in 1837 • Little regard for keeping families together

44. Slave Revolts • Vesey’s Plan: Denmark Vesey, a free slave, planned a slave revolt; he planned to seize Charleston in 1822, kill all whites, and burn the city • Betrayed by followers; Vesey was hanged along with 34 others

45. Turner’s Rebellion • 1831 Turner led slaves in raids, killing 57 white people • Hanged along with other slaves • Riot by whites resulted in 100 slaves being killed

46. Alarm • White southerner’s nightmare since slaves often outnumbered the whites • Tightened restrictions on slaves -prevented the teaching of reading -stopped slaves from moving freely or meeting to stop communication

47. Economic Consequences • Dependent on one crop • Small urban population • Little industrialization • Few immigrants • North increased political power in the House of Representatives • Limited consumer demand because slaves had no money

48. Cultural Consequences • Dispersed population • No education for slaves and little for poor whites • Hope of farmers was to gain plantations • Fear of revenge of freed slaves • Sense of superiority of Southern whites • Defense of slavery as a good institution, better than the industrial life of the North

49. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast

50. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 2