Sensation and Perception

1. Sensation and Perception Chapter 4

2. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between sensation and perception and define sense organ, sensory receptor, and stimulus. Define transduction. 4 - 2

3. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast the absolute threshold and the difference threshold. Understand sensory adaptation. 4 - 3

4. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Define psychophysics and understand Weber’s law. Understand the nature of light. 4 - 4

5. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Describe how the different parts of the eye work together to produce vision. Describe the roles played by the rods and cones in both dark adaptation and light adaptation. 4 - 5

6. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory and the opponent‑process theory of color vision, describing the evidence for each. Understand the nature of sound. 4 - 6

7. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Explain how different parts of the ear work together to produce audition (the sense of hearing). Describe the different types of skin receptors and the types of stimuli that can be detected by the skin. 4 - 7

8. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the gate control theory of pain and describe the role played by endorphins in “runners high,” acupuncture, and placebos. Define phantom limb pain and identify its possible causes. 4 - 8

9. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: List the basic taste sensations and identify other factors that influence our perception of taste. List the seven primary qualities of odors and explain the role of pheromones in regulating behavior. 4 - 9

10. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Name and describe the five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. Describe the four kinds of perceptual constancy. 4 - 10

11. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the monocular cues and binocular cues of depth perception. Distinguish between the visual illusions and describe how they are produced. 4 - 11

12. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Identify how individual and cultural factors influence perception. Discuss the relationship between visual perception, illusions, and art. 4 - 12

13. Sensation: Receiving Messages About The World Sense organs Sensory receptor cells Sensation Perception 4 - 13

14. What Messages Can Be Received? Stimulus Transduction 4 - 14

15. How Strong Must Messages Be? Thresholds - the lower limits of sensory experience Absolute threshold Difference threshold 4 - 15

16. A candle flame seen at 30 mi. on a clear, dark night Sensory Thresholds Vision The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 ft. Hearing One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water Taste 1 drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a 3 room apartment Smell The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a height of 1 cm Touch 4 - 16

17. Concept Check Q. What is the difference between sensation and perception? A.Sensation is the process of receiving information, translating it and sending it to the brain. Perception is the processing of interpreting that information and forming images of the world. 4 - 17

18. Sensory Adaptation When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at short intervals, the sensation that the same amount of sensory energy causes becomes gradually weaker 4 - 18

19. Concept Check Q. What are a sense organ, sensory receptor and stimulus? A. A sense organ enables us to see, or hear, taste smell, touch,, balance, etc. A sensory receptor receives outside forms of energy and translates them into neural impulses. A stimulus is anything that can excite a sensory receptor. 4 - 19

20. Psychophysics Weber’s Law the amount of change in a stimulus needed to detect a difference is in direct proportion to the intensity of the original stimulus 4 - 20

21. Concept Check Q. What is transduction? A. Transduction is the translation of one form of energy into another. 4 - 21

22. Vision Light– electromagnetic radiation Properties of waves frequency hue (color) intensity brightness 4 - 22

23. The Eye Retina Lens Cornea Iris Fovea Pupil Ciliary muscle Optic nerve 4 - 23

24. Photoreceptors Cones Fovea Visual acuity – the clearness and sharpness of vision Rods Cone Rod 4 - 24

25. Vision Optic nerve Optic chiasm 4 - 25

26. Blind Spot Blind spot 4 - 26

27. Adaptation Dark Adaptation Light Adaptation 4 - 27

28. Color Vision Theories of Color Vision Trichromtic theory (Young-Helmholtz) 4 - 28

29. Color Vision Complementary colors 4 - 29

30. Color Afterimages Stare at the white dot in the middle of the word RED RED 4 - 30

31. Partial Color Blindness Types Red-Green Blue-Yellow 4 - 31

32. Color Blindness 4 - 32

33. Theories of Color Vision Opponent-Process Theory (Hering) Fast Slow Slow Fast 4 - 33

34. Concept Check Q. What are the absolute and difference thresholds? A. The absolute threshold is the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected half the time The difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time. 4 - 34

35. Concept Check Q. What is sensory adaptation? A. When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at short intervals, the sensation that the same amount of energy causes becomes gradually weaker. 4 - 35

36. Hearing Characteristics of Sound Waves Pitch frequency of cycles hertz (Hz) 4 - 36

37. Hearing Characteristics of Sound Waves Loudness intensity decibel (dB) Timbre 4 - 37

38. The Ear Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Semicircular canals Hammer Anvil Nerve to brain Cochlea Pinna Eustachian tube Stirrup 4 - 38 External auditory canal Eardrum Oval window Round window

39. The Ear Cochlea Oval window Round window Hair cells Basilar membrane 4 - 39

40. Audition Bone Conduction Hearing Nerve deafness Locating Sounds 4 - 40

41. Concept Check Q. What is Psychophysics? A. Psychophysics is the specialty area within psychology that studies sensory limits, sensory adaptation, and related topics. 4 - 41

42. Concept Check Q. What is Weber’s law? A. Weber’s law states that the amount of change in a stimulus needed to detect a difference is in direct proportion to the intensity of the original stimulus. 4 - 42

43. Concept Check Q. What are the different parts of the eye? A. Retina Lens Cornea Iris Fovea Pupil Ciliary muscle Optic nerve 4 - 43

44. The Body Senses Orientation and Movement Vestibular Organ Saccule and utricle Semicircular canals Cupula 4 - 44

45. The Body Senses Kinesthetic Sense Kinesthetic receptors 4 - 45

46. Concept Check Q. What are the different parts of the ear? Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear A. Semicircular canals Anvil Hammer Nerve to brain Cochlea Pinna Eustachian tube Stirrup 4 - 46 External auditory canal Eardrum Oval window Round window

47. The Skin Senses Pressure 4 - 47

48. The Skin Senses Temperature 4 - 48

49. The Skin Senses Pain Nocioceptors Two neural pathways rapid slow 4 - 49

50. The Skin Senses Gate control theory of pain Ronald Melzack endorphins Acupuncture 4 - 50 Placebo medications