3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband

1. 3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband A. Reference structure of access network NT - Network Termination CPE - Customer Premises Equipment AN – Access Node TP – Twisted pair FOC – Fiber optic PL – Power line CPE Access Network TP/Coax/Radio/FO/PL Core Network AN NT CPE • High cost of access networks - • 50-70% of the total cost of local telephone networks • Modems/ISDN, LL (E1) based on four-wire connection

2. B. Access networks go to broadband Local networks based on outdated principles are became a “bottleneck”, limiting subscriber’s access to modern services. Key forces: • New subscriber’s requirements to providing new services • New regulations • Development of new services in voice, data and video information in interactive and broadcasting mode # WWW pages with powerful video information # Multimedia applications Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Video-on-Demand (VoD), interactive TV • Emergence of alternative operators in local networks, who compete with incumbent operators in provisioning a wide set of additional services • Construction of high-speed core networks with a capacity of dozens and hundreds of Gbit/s • Wireless Technologies

3. Technology Trends • Data communications exceed telephony • Wireless/mobile subscribers exceed landline subscribers • Broadband on Wireless • Emergence of the Next Generation Networks

4. Business growing the broadband access Grow the market in three waves: • High-speed Internet access (HSIA) • Business access (start with underserved SOHO segment) • Residential multimedia (gaming/video/entertainment) Address new audiences (PC, TV, console) Residential Multimedia Build on existing infrastructure Business Access Move aggressively into HSIA High-speed Internet access TIME Today

5. C. Different media to the customer Satellites / Sky Stations GSM/GPRS/UMTS WLAN Optical Fiber Twisted Pair Cable/Coax Backbone Networks Access Network

6. Technological limitations of different transmission media Fiber 250 Cellular Wireless* Coax Copper Twisted Pair *Capacity in Mbit/s/qkm, Bandwidth 500 MHz Optical fibers are the only alternative at high bandwidth and distances

7. time UMTS 2010 BPON 2005 SHDSL HSCSD VDSL UDSL GPRS EDGE SDSL PMP ADSL 2000 HDSL 2B1Q CDMA VoD GSM DECT TV digital PDC WLAN Voice 4B3T STM 1 1995 CDMA OPAL Power line POTS Bluetooth TV VSAT ISDN AMPS AON PON 1990 xDSL TV analog WLL Cellular radio Satellite 1980 Wireless Coax Fiber optics Copper 1975 Copper 1900 D. Access networks’ technologies

8. CentralOffice DSLAM ADSL E. Broadband access with xDSL technologiesExtending high bit rates coverage ADSL+ 10 Mb/s Bit rates 7.5 Mb/s 5.5 Mb/s 3.5 Mb/s 1 Mb/s Increasing loop length CPE

9. # 63.8 m DSL lines worldwide at end of 2003 Source: DSL Forum, 2004

10. # 'Top Ten' DSL countries by number of lines Source: DSL Forum, 2004

11. # 'Top Ten' countries per 100 population Source: DSL Forum, 2004

12. F. Broadband access in CATV network TS CPh POTS Coax or Fiber Hub Headend TV TV Hub Coax STB Internet TV Studio PC CM TS - Telephone set CPh - Cable phone STB - Set-top box CM - Cable modem POTS - Plain old telephone system

13. Cable modems • Access to the Internet provided by operators in CATV networks – Due to new regulations for CATV operators - Key factor of cable modem applications • New application of cable modems – HBR access to Internet # 3 Mbit/s in symmetrical configurations # 30 Mbit/s in forward and 10Mbit/s in backwards directions in asymmetrical configurations • Other most important services in CATV networks # Distribution of digital TV programs # Interactive digital television # Voice over IP and Voice over ATM • New possibilities of broadband access via cable modems – due to an evolution of AN Coax infrastructure to HFC infrastructure

14. G. Broadband Wireless Access • General term – Wireless Local Loop (WLL) • G1. Fixed BWA (LMDS/MMDS/PtM…) for fixed wireless • access • LMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution System • MMDS - Microwave Multipoint Distribution System • Interactive television TV with related services • Voice service (usually as supplement to other services) • High-speed data transmission for business users • Access to the Internet and streaming multimedia from Web sites

15. G2. Mobile BWA (WLAN, UMTS, IMT-2000…) • WLAN Standards: • IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g • 802.11b - Wi-Fi ("wireless fidelity") technology • Wi-Fi - alternative to a wired LAN (offices/homes) • Ethernet protocol & CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) for common channel sharing • Frequency range - 2.4 GHz • Data speeds - up to 11 Mbps • 802.11a BRs from 1 to 12 Mb/s • D 100 50 m • 802.11b 1 11 Mb/s • 100 50 m • 802.11g 1 54 Mb/s • 100 20 m

16. G.3. WiMax – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access • Most fundamental difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax – they are designed for totally different apps • Wi-Fi is LAN technology designed to add mobility to wired LANs. • WiMax was designed to provide MAN BWA services • Wi-Fi supports a transmission up to few hundred meters, WiMax could support services in area up to 50 km Source: dBrn Associates, Inc., 2004

17. WiMax Cell

18. Beyond 3G vision

19. H. Comparison - How long does it take to download: E-mail Song or photo 1 h video MP 3 High resolution MPEG 4 in TV-Quality Wirelesswired Byte 3 k 3 M 300 M bit/s GSM 9,6 k 42 min 3 days 2,5 sec PSTN 56 k 7 min 12 hours 0,4 sec GPRS ISDN 115 k 128 k 0,2 sec 3,5 min 6 hours Live Video Codecs starting with 32 kbit/s UMTS ADSL 2 M 8 M sec 12 sec 20 min 0,01 Cable WLAN 30 M 80 M 1 ms 1 sec 30 sec 3 ms Fiber 800 G 30 µsec 30 ns

20. Broadband access in Europe and US EUROPE • According to a new IDC study, broadband penetration in Western Europe will continue to surge in coming years. By 2009, 46% of Western European households will have broadband access, compared to 20% at the end of 2004. By 2009, there will be more than 92 million broadband connections, up from 40 million at the end of 2004. 83% of these will be provided to the residential market. • Although Internet access will remain the most important application for the short to medium term, services like voice over broadband and IPTV will be cornerstones of successful business strategy. US In 2004, the number of high-speed subscribers in the U.S. grew by 35.4% to 32.5 million subscribers, consisting of the following access technologies: • cable modem - 17.0 million • DSL - 12.6 million • fixed wireless - 2.2 million • fiber-to-the-home - 0.2 million • satellite - 0.4 million • mobile wireless (3G) - 0.1 million • broadband over power line - less than 50,000

21. J. Access networks – concluding remarks # Access networks are the most expensive part for operators # Copper cables have an average life span of approx.50 years. # Copper transmission systems reach their theoretical limits in access networks at approx.50 Mbit/s. # In Europe and North America massive investments inaccess networks will be realized in 10-20 years.Most of these investments will be applied to fiber optics and to wireless networks.