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Chromosomes, Genes and Protiens

Chromosomes, Genes and Protiens. Words to Know. Chromosomes are X-shaped packages of DNA. Half of each chromosomes goes into each daughter cell when the mother cell divides

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Chromosomes, Genes and Protiens

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  1. Chromosomes, Genes and Protiens

  2. Words to Know • Chromosomes are X-shaped packages of DNA. Half of each chromosomes goes into each daughter cell when the mother cell divides • DNAstands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is double helix molecule that “unzips” to make a template so that proteins can be copied from the gene section (most of the time) or so that the entire molecule can be replicated (only when the cell is about to divide). • Gene- Small segments of DNA located at specific places on the chromosome. Genes are specific arrangements of nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C). The order of the nitrogen bases determines which proteins will be produced by that gene. • Nucleolusis an organelle that floats in the interior of the nucleus. The nucleoli make ribosomes which in turn make proteins. • Protein - Specific proteins are made in each cell to make them specialized.

  3. Chromosomes

  4. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are found in pairs in the nucleus • Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs • The 23rd pair is either XY (boy) or XX (girl) • Every living thing has a specific number of chromosomes.

  5. Genes

  6. Genes • 25 000 genes store information to make over 90 000 proteins. • Control genes turn on or off groups of other genes. • Genes vary from hundreds to thousands of bases in length. • There are thousands of genes in every chromosome.

  7. Proteins

  8. Proteins • Proteins are specific to each type of cell (muscle, brain, eye, etc.) • Proteins called enzymes speed up chemical reactions. • Proteins called hormones are chemical messengers meant to tell a cell what to do.

  9. Protein Production

  10. Why do cells divide? • Cells divide so that organisms can: • Grow larger or more mature • Produce offspring (reproduce) • Repair damaged tissue or replace dead cells • Genes are a major part of this process

  11. Cell mutations • Can be a result of • Addition • Substitution • Deletion …. Of bases (A, T, G, C) • Can result in • Positive • Neutral • Negative …. Effects….

  12. Protein Production Protein Production • Chemical signal to make protein • Specific gene on DNA is copied into RNA (ribonucleic acid) • RNA goes through nuclear pore to ribosomes. • Ribosome makes protein.

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