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Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants

Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants. LING 400 Winter 2010. Overview. Phonetic transcription Phonetics Articulation of speech sounds Description of consonants. cell phones off please. What is a phonetic transcription?. Way of writing languages that

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Spoken language phonetics: Transcription, articulation, consonants

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  1. Spoken language phonetics:Transcription, articulation, consonants LING 400 Winter 2010

  2. Overview • Phonetic transcription • Phonetics • Articulation of speech sounds • Description of consonants cell phones off please

  3. What is a phonetic transcription? • Way of writing languages that • have no writing system or • have writing systems that don’t represent sounds consistently • Spoken vs. signed languages

  4. A language with no writing system Witsuwit’en • ‘driftwood’ • ‘cane’ • ‘footwear’ [təz] [thʌz] [qhɛ] • Notice • some familiar symbols (but may have new values) • some unfamiliar symbols

  5. A language that doesn’t represent sound consistently • English • Different letters but same sound • she, tree, ski, believe, receive, amoeba • Same letter but different sounds • red, she, the, get

  6. Value of phonetic transcription • Allows us to “freeze” language and talk about • structure • how structure learned • how structure varies between speakers • how structure changes over time • A universal framework for the description of spoken languages

  7. What is phonetics? • Articulatory phonetics • how sounds are produced • Acoustic phonetics • physical properties of sounds • Auditory phonetics • how sounds are perceived • All branches use phonetic transcription

  8. mid-sagittal view Articulatory phonetics Some vocal tract structures relevant for speech nasal cavity pharynx oral cavity air from lungs

  9. More vocal tract structures relevant for speech Distinct sound results from location, degree of constriction in vocal tract

  10. Phonetic description • =Description of speech sounds • For consonants, mainly: • State of glottis • Place of articulation • Manner of articulation

  11. Some places of articulation upper articulator lower articulator (“dancers”) • “lips” (1) • “3 different parts of the tongue” • tip(3)/blade(6) • body(front-7) • back-8 (and root) • “soft palate” • “larynx”

  12. Some structures in vocal tract

  13. Some places of articulation in English

  14. Manner of articulation • = “degree of occlusion” • How close are lower and upper articulator? • Relatively close, narrowed or constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants • Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels

  15. Some consonant manners of articulation • Stops: complete occlusion of airflow in vocal tract • bill, dill, gill • Nasal stops • palm, pawn, pong

  16. Some English fricatives air pressure build-up behind occlusion; turbulent airflow

  17. Approximants No pressure build-up, non-turbulent airflow

  18. State of the glottis

  19. The larynx and vocal cords

  20. The Human Language Evolves (Human Language, pt. 3) • Video clip of the vocal cords in action • Lieberman: The vocal cords “convert a steady flow of air from the lungs, like ([h]), which you cannot hear, into very, very loud” [acoustic energy] • Vocal cords pulse 60-300 x/sec

  21. Some states of the glottis in English • Voiced: vocal cords are close, vibrate when air passes through glottis • Voiceless: vocal cords apart, do not vibrate • Some voiced and voiceless fricatives

  22. Glottal stop • A third state of the glottis: complete occlusion (stop) at vocal cords • Examples • uh-oh, unh-unh • For some people • Hawaii • _apple, the _apple • “t” before syllabic [n] • mountain, Gorton

  23. Summary of consonant phonetic description • State of glottis • Place of articulation • (Central/lateral) • Manner of articulation • Oral/nasal • For example • voiced (bi)labial stop • (voiced) alveolar lateral approximant • voiced velar nasal (stop)

  24. Back to phonetic transcription • Transcription symbols abbreviate phonetic descriptions • E.g. [p] = voiceless bilabial stop • [ʔ] = glottal stop • Phonetic transcription in square brackets • International Phonetic Association (http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipachart.html) • interactive chart: http://www.ladefogeds.com/course/chapter1/chapter1.html

  25. Consonant charts Place of articulation Lips … Glottis least open … most open Manner of articulation

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