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What do all living things have in common?

What do all living things have in common?. Cells and the Cell Theory. Q 1. Robert Hooke 1665 Built a microscope Looked at thin slices of cork Saw tiny “boxes” Hooke named them “cells” which in Latin means “little rooms”. Hooke named them “cells” which in L atin means “little rooms”

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What do all living things have in common?

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  1. What do all living things have in common?

  2. Cells and the Cell Theory Q 1

  3. Robert Hooke 1665 • Built a microscope • Looked at thin slices of cork • Saw tiny “boxes” • Hooke named them “cells” which in Latin means “little rooms”

  4. Hooke named them “cells” which in Latin means “little rooms” • Leeuwenhoek 1673 • Dutch merchant • Built his own microscopes • Looked at pond scum • Saw little animals moving in the water • Named them “animalcules” • Q 2 • Matthias Schleiden 1830s • Studied plants • Decided that all plants were • made of cells

  5. Matthias Schleiden 1830s • Studied plants • Decided that all plants were • made of cells • Schwann 1839 • Studied animals • Decided that animal tissues were made of cells • Wrote the first two parts of the cell theory.

  6. Wrote the first two parts of the cell theory. • All organisms are made of one or more cells • The cell is the basic unit of all living things • Virchow 1858 • Was a doctor • Stated that all cells come from other cells • Became the third part of the cell theory • All cells come from other cells

  7. All organisms are made of one or more cells • The cell is the basic unit of all living things • All cells come from other cells

  8. All organisms are made of one or more cells • The cell is the basic unit of all living things • All cells come from other cells • Q 3 • Cell size • Most cells are very small • There are very few that are large

  9. Cell size • Most cells are very small • There are very few that are large • Surface area-to-volume ratio • Cells need a 3:1 ratio • of surface area to volume Surface area –to-volume ratio = surface area volume

  10. Surface area h x w x number of sides Number of sides = 6 2 x 2 = 4 4 x 6 = 24 2” Volume h x w x d 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 Surface area –to-volume ratio = surface area volume 2” 2” Surface area = 24 Volume = 8 24 : 8 = The Cell Lives! 3 : 1

  11. Surface area h x w x number of sides Number of sides = 6 3 x 3 = 9 = 54 9 x 6 3” Volume h x w x d = 27 3 x 3 x 3 Surface area –to-volume ratio = surface area volume 3” 3” Surface area = 54 Volume = 27 54 : 27 The Cell Dies! = 2 : 1

  12. Parts of the cell • Cell membrane • Protective layer that covers the cell’s surface • Controls material going in and coming out of the cell • Hold in the fluid inside the cell called cytoplasm

  13. Parts of the cell • Cell membrane • Organelles • Structures in the cell that perform specific functions • Most organelles are surrounded by membranes • Some organelles float in the cytoplasm • Genetic material

  14. Genetic material • Deoxyribonucleic acid • DNA • The material that carries information to make new cells • DNA is passed from parent to offspring • DNA controls the activities of a cell • In some cells the DNA is found in an organelle called the nucleus Q 4

  15. Bacterium do not have nuclei but have DNA • Two kinds of Cells • Prokaryotes • Single celled organisms that do not have a nucleus • Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell • Bacteria are the smallest cells • Bacteria can be found almost anywhere • Soil and water • Your skin and teeth • Bacterial in your digestive system help you digest food

  16. Bacteria can be found almost anywhere • Soil and water • Your skin and teeth • Bacterial in your digestive system help you digest food

  17. Bacteria can be found almost anywhere • Soil and water • Your skin and teeth • Bacterial in your digestive system help you digest food • Eukaryotes • Contain a nucleus • These are the largest cells • 10 times larger than bacteria • Most eukaryotes are multicellular • Multicellular organisms are made up of billions of cells • Plantsand animals are all multicellular and eukaryotes

  18. Eukaryotic Cells

  19. Fence Power Plant Storage Factory Custom Shop Workers Storage Power Plant Transport Office Storage Demo Crew Power Plant

  20. Cell Walls • Rigid structure that gives support to the plant cell • Made of cellulose • Complex sugar • Animals can not digest

  21. Cell membrane (fence) • Protective barrier that encloses a cell • Contains proteins, lipids, and phospholipids • Lipids are fats and cholesterol that do not dissolve in water • Proteins are building blocks of the cell

  22. Cytoskeleton • A web of proteins in the cytoplasm • Acts as both a muscle and a skeleton • Helps keep the cell membrane from collapsing • Helps some cells move

  23. Nucleus (office) • Contains the DNA of the cell • DNA is the instructions on how to build proteins • Proteins control the chemical reactions in the cell • In the center of the nucleus is the nucleolus • The nucleolus is where ribosomes are made

  24. Ribosomes (workers) • Ribosomes are the smallest organelles • Ribosomes make proteins • Proteins are made of amino acids • There are 20 different amino acids • All cells need proteins to live

  25. Endoplasmic Reticulum (factory) • The organelle where proteins, lipids, and other material are made • Part of the internal delivery system • Smooth and rough ER • Rough ER has ribosomes attached • Makes proteins • Smooth does not have ribosomes • Makes lipids • Breaks down toxic materials

  26. Mitochondria (power plant) • Main power source for the cell • Sugar is broken down to produce energy • Energy that is released is stored as ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Mitochondria have their own DNA

  27. Golgi Complex (custom shop) • Organelle that packages and distributes proteins • Lipids and proteins are modified in the Golgi Complex

  28. Vesicle (transport) • A bubble of membrane that surrounds material that has to be moved out of the cell • Some vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi complex

  29. Exocytosis • The transporting of larger particles that are moved out of the cell

  30. Endocytosis • The transporting of larger particles that are moved into the cell

  31. Lysosomes (demo crew) • Contain digestive enzymes • Vesicles that are responsible for digestion in the cell • Destroy invaders • Usually only found in animal cells

  32. Vacuoles (storage) • Store digestive enzymes • Aid digestion in the cell • Store water • In plant cells they help support the plant

  33. Cell Membrane Fence Power Plant Mitochondria Vacuoles Storage Factory Endoplasmic Reticulum Custom Shop Golgi Complex Workers Ribosomes Storage Vacuoles Power Plant Mitochondria Transport Nucleus Office Vesicles Storage Vacuoles Demo Crew Lysosomes Power Plant Mitochondria

  34. Organization of Living Things • Multicellular • Larger size • Longer life • Specialization • Working together • Tissue • Several cells working together • Organ • Several tissues working together • Organ systems • Several organs working together

  35. Several organs working together • Structure • The arrangement of the parts • Function • The job they do

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