ASK Biology Review

1. ASK Biology Review

2. 1. What are the five characteristics of life? • All living things are made of cells or are organized • All living things respond to stimuli • All living things take in and use energy • All living things grow and develop • All living things reproduce

3. 2. What are the first 5 Levels of Organization 1- cells 2- tissues 3- organs 4- organ systems 5- organism

4. 3. How do the circulatory and respiratory system work together? • The heart pumps the blood to the lungs, where the blood cell picks up oxygen. • Then the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. • The blood cell drops off the oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide. • The carbon dioxide is dropped off in the lungs, and it is exhaled out of the body.

5. 4. What are the jobs of these organelles? • Nucleus- controls the actions of the cell • Cell membrane- outer covering of cells, controls what moves into and out of cells • Mitochondria- breaks down sugar and oxygen to form energy • Chloroplasts- only in plants, converts sun energy into chemical energy (sugar) during photosynthesis.

6. 5. What is mitosis and why does it happen? • Mitosis is cell division in any of our body’s cells (except sex cells-egg and sperm). • It produces two cells that are diploid (have a full set of identical DNA as the parent cell) • It allows our body to • Grow bigger • Replace damaged cells (like a skinned knee) • Reproduction (for asexual reproduction) GRR!

7. 6. What is meiosis and why does it happen? • Meiosis is cell division in our sex cells (egg and sperm) • It produces four cells with HALF (haploid) the DNA of the parent cell • It happens so sex cells (egg and sperm) can be made for sexual reproduction.

8. 7. What is a prokaryotic cell? • Prokaryotic-cells that have no membrane (“skin”) bound nucleus • DNA floats freely inside the cell • Seen in the Monera Kingdom (bacteria)

9. 8. What is a eukaryotic cell? • Eukaryotic-cells with membrane (“skin”) bound nucleus • These are more complex cells than prokaryotic • Seen in the protist, fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms

10. 9. Compare and contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms Both • Do all five characteristics of life (grow, respond to environment, reproduce, use energy, made of cells) Unicellular • One cell big • Asexual reproduction only • Monera and Protista Kingdom Multicellular • Multiple cells • Cells are specialized (have specific assignments- bone, skin, nerve cells, etc.) and work together • Asexual or sexual reproduction

11. 10. What is a producer? • Any organism that can make (produce) its own food- usually through photosynthesis. • For example: Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

12. 11. Explain what is happening in this picture. • The Sun’s light energy is reaching the plant’s chloroplasts. The plant uses carbon dioxide, water, and sun energy to produce oxygen and food (sugar) • This process is called photosynthesis

13. 12. What is a consumer? • An organism that must consume (eat) another organism because it is incapable of making food by itself.

14. 13. Explain how energy is flowing through this ecosystem. • Energy starts from the sun. • This energy flows to the producer (plant) which converts it to chemical energy (food) and uses energy to grow. • The consumers eat the plant and use the chemical energy to grow and store some of it as chemical energy as well.

15. 14. What happens to a sandwich when you eat it? How do the nutrients get delivered to and used by our cells? • Being consumers (not producers) humans must eat food to get the energy we need to survive. • Our mouth, stomach, and small intestines all chemically and physically break down the food into smaller particles. • Our blood stream picks up the food molecules from the small intestines and delivers it to cells around the body. • The mitochondria in the cells breaks down the chemicals in the food to provide our body with energy.

16. 15. What is the main source of energy for all life on Earth? • The sun- all of our food energy can be traced back to the sun.

17. 16. What are the non living parts of an ecosystem called? • Abiotic- all the non-living parts of an ecosystem. It includes temperature, sunlight, air, water, soil, climate.

18. 17. How would the ecosystem be affected if you changed these abiotic factors? • Sunlight can change by seasons or latitude making it cooler or warmer • Air can be windy or calm- this can affect how seeds blow, how dry/humid the area is • Water can be plentiful (flooding) or absent (drought) • Soil can be fertile (lots of growing) or poor (few plants can grow)

19. 18. Describe the following interactions • Producer/consumer- producers makes food (plant) Consumers eats food (Animal) ex- grass is a producer, cow is a consumer • Predator/prey- predator is one who hunts/eats another organism, prey is the one who gets eaten. Ex- Shark is a predator, seal is the prey • Parasite/host- parasite is one that lives or feeds on another organism causing it harm, Host is who the parasite lives on and is hurt. Ex- A flea is a parasite on a dog host.  • Scavenger/prey- Scavenger is one who eats dead organisms, prey is what gets eaten. Ex- vultures are scavengers eating the dead zebra. • Decomposer/prey- Decomposers break down dead or dying organisms and help recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Ex- Mushrooms are decomposing the dead tree branch.  • Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Ex- a bee in a flower. The flower gets pollinated, the bee gets pollen. • Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or helped. Ex- Birds cleaning off non-parasitic bugs on large herbivores

20. 19. Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction • Sexually produced organisms are genetically different from their two parents. • This produces unique organisms who may be more (or less) resistant to disease, more (or less) intelligent, more (or less) physical abilities, adaptable to environment, etc. • There is variety among the offspring. • Asexually produced organisms are genetically identical to their parent. • Only one parent is required, does not promote evolution of the species (unless due to a mutation)

21. 20. How does sexual reproduction help an organism evolve? • Because the offspring a unique genetic blend of both parents, they are going to have variations. Some of those variations will be helpful to the organism (opposable thumbs, better camouflage, faster run). Over time, these helpful traits will help the organism survive better and they will pass on the helpful variations to their offspring.

22. 21. What is extinction? How could it occur? • Extinction is when a species no longer exists on earth. • It can occur due to disease, a change in their habitat or environment, over hunting, inability to reproduce quickly, etc.

23. A bird is more closely related to a crocodile than to a frog due to evolution. The bird, crocodile, and frog all have vertebrae, a bony skeleton, and four limbs in common. However, a bird and a crocodile ALSO have amniotic eggs and eggs with shells in common. A frog does not have these traits. This chart helps illustrate how species are related.

24. 23. Green (G) is dominant. Yellow (g) is recessive. • Cross a heterozygous female with a yellow male. • Female genotype__________ • Male genotype___________ Offspring Gg gg G g _____% homozygous green _____ % heterozygous green _____ % homozygous yellow 0 gg g Gg 50 g Gg gg 50

25. 24. Red (R) is dominant. Blue (r) is recessive. • Cross a homozygous red female with a purebred blue male. • Female genotype__________ • Male genotype___________ Offspring RR rr R R _____% homozygous green _____ % heterozygous green _____ % homozygous yellow 0 Rr r Rr 100 r Rr Rr 0

26. 25. Are these punnett squares asexual or sexual reproduction? • It shows us sexual reproduction because it involved two parents contributing genetic information to a single offspring. That offspring is genetically different from the parents. • Punnett squares represent all the possible combination of genes for a train for offspring produced through sexual reproduction.