Unit 2 - Reconstruction

1. Unit 2 - Reconstruction

2. Vocabulary Words • Freedmen – • Emancipated slaves after the Civil War • Amnesty – • Official pardon (forgiveness) for crimes committed against the government.

3. Reconstruction - • Rebuilding of the former Confederate states to reunite the nation. • Pocket Veto - • An indirect veto of a bill by failing to sign and return the bill before Congress adjourns.

4. Black Codes • Laws adapted by former Confederate states to limit the freedom of former slaves. • Impeach • To charge a public official with misconduct in office.

5. Suffrage - • The right to vote. • Disenfranchisement - • To deprive of the right to vote.

6. Review of Material • Identify the Vocab. Word… - The right to vote - To charge a public official with misconduct in office - Official pardon for crimes committed against the government. - Laws adopted by former Confederate status to limit the freedom of former slaves.

7. Consequences of the Civil War • Human Costs – 360,000 Union soldiers and 258,000 Confederate soldiers died during the struggle. • Southern Economy – In shambles… Two ideas – South is physically destroyed and the impact of emancipation. • The North – Economic boom and expansion. • Slavery – 13th Amendment ended slavery in the United States. • Republican Party – Becomes a dominant force in American politics.

8. Lincoln’s Program - Reconstruction: - To construct or rebuild. • Lincoln called for a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. - Believed the South never left the Union. - Pardon southerners if they take an oath of allegiance to the Union – Slavery! - Exceptions… a. High ranking Confederate Officials b. Confederate Military Leaders

9. A state would be readmitted to the Union… a. Write a new state Constitution – The election of new government officials. b. At least 10% of the 1860 voters take the oath of allegiance to the United States. - This plan was known as the 10% Plan.

10. Political Parties • Republican – Usually Northern – Was in favor of a quick unification with the South. • Democrat – Mostly Southern – Still held States should choose whether slavery is right or wrong. • Radical Republicanism – Northern – Wanted to make the South suffer… Not allow them to get easy access to the Union. Equal rights for Blacks.

11. Review of Material • What is reconstruction? • What political party thought that the states should still choose whether they would be slave states or free states? • What party wanted the South to suffer? • What party was in favor of the 10% plan and amnesty? • What is the 10% Plan? Who’s plan? • Under this plan, what two groups could not join the Union?

12. Radical Republicans Radical? - Extremist: (use of opinions and actions) far beyond the norm… • Hated the idea of pardoning the Confederates. They should have to pay for what they did. • Party led by Mass. Senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Rep. Thaddeus Stevens.

13. Radical Republicans • Believed in the power of Congress. They felt that Congress should be in control of American policies, especially for restoring the Union.

14. Republicans established a plan to prevent the Democrats from gaining state and national positions by: 1. Giving former slaves voting rights 2. Ban former Confederate leaders from holding office.

15. Wade-Davis Bill • Republicans in Congress declared that they had the power to set reconstruction policy, not the President. - Their plan called for a much harsher policy that would make it more difficult for the South to re-enter the Union. Two Things… 1. At least 50% of the 1860 voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. 2. New southern state constitutions recognized the freedom of all blacks.

16. Lincoln uses a “Pocket Veto” in order to stop the bill. - Pocket Veto – 10 days to sign… If Congress is in session, Bill becomes a law even if the President doesn’t sign… If the Congress is not in session and the President doesn’t sign than it becomes a pocket veto. • Lincoln feels that only a constitutional amendment could abolish slaves not Congress. Who has the Power???

17. Andrew Johnson • Background: He was a Southern Democrat who was a self-made man. - He was made Lincoln’s running mate because of his Union sympathies. • From May, 1865 to December, 1865 – Johnson institutes reconstruction policies without Congressional approval under the 10% plan. - States would also have to abolish their decree of secession and ratify the 13th Amendment. What about Confederate leaders?

18. By December of 1868 all of the seceded states except Texas had complied with the Presidential requirements for return to the Union.

19. Review of Material • Radical Republicans believed the power of reconstruction should be in the hands of...? • Name one way that Republicans prevented Democrats from gaining offices. • Republican plan that called for 50% of the voters to take a loyalty oath for the Union. • What did Lincoln use to crush the Wade-Davis Bill? • In terms of the power to make policy for Reconstruction - What do the Presidents believe? What does Congress believe? • What is Johnson missing in his plan compared to Lincoln’s?

20. 13th Amendment • Officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery. - Prior to its ratification, slavery remained legal only in Delaware and Kentucky; everywhere else in the USA slaves had been freed by state action and the federal government's Emancipation Proclamation.

21. 14th Amendments • The amendment was designed to grant citizenship to and protect the civil liberties of recently freed slaves. • It requires the states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions.

22. Stated that NO citizen could lose his right to life, liberty, or property without due process of law. • Equal protection under the laws. • Prevented Confederate officials from holding office.

23. 15th Amendments • Explains that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • Women won’t gain the vote till 1920

24. Radical Opposition to Johnson • Black Codes – laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. - They were used manly to control the labor, movements, and activities of African Americans.

25. December 1865, Radical Republicans in Congress refuse to admit the newly elected senators and representatives from the South. - Reasons for Rejection… a. It did not punish the Confederates enough! b. New state constitutions did not give blacks the right to vote. c. Feared they might lose control of Congress to Southern Democrats.

26. The Freedmen’s Bureau • The Freedmen’s Bureau was setup through a federal agency in order to aid distressed refugees of the Civil War. • The Bureau helped the Freedmen by: - Giving food to those in need - Providing clothing, medical supplies, and places to live. - Finding individuals jobs and setting up schools.

27. Review of Material • What Amendment gave blacks the right to vote? • What laws restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans? • Name the Amendment that abolishes slavery. • Who did the Radical Republicans reject in Congress? • What Amendment gave free slaves citizenship? • Why did the Radical Republicans reject the Southern representatives?

28. The “Forty Acres and a Mule” turned out to be only a rumor… Never happened. • In 1866, President Johnson vetoed a law to increase the power of the Freedmen’s Bureau and a Civil Rights Bill to give blacks citizenship. (Before Amendment)

29. Radical Reconstruction • In the 1866 Midterm elections – The Radical Republicans gained 2/3 majority in both Houses of Congress. • How they did it? A – Johnson’s unsuccessful “Swing around the Circle”: Speeches that bashed Republicans, pro-war democrats, and blacks. *Didn’t work B – Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans

30. C – “Waving the Bloody Shirt”: practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to inspire support. (Lincoln) • Reconstruction Acts – Divided the South into five military districts. Union army troops were stationed in each district to enforce order. - In order to be reinstated to the Union, Southern States needed to ratify the 14th Amendment and establish a new constitution.

31. Congress again states that Confederate leaders could not vote or hold office. • Freed Slaves (Freedmen), however, could vote and hold office. • Remember: In order to be readmitted to the Union, states needed to hold new state conventions and they needed to ratify the 14th Amendment. • By June, 1868 – All but three southern states had been returned to the Union under the radical policy. 1870 – Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia are readmitted.

32. Political Cartoons Analysis… • 1. Describe the scene of your groups political cartoon. Really analyze the people and the detail of the work. • GIVE ME DETAIL • 2.What is the political message within the cartoon itself? Remember these cartoons are drawn for a reason. • 3. Can you describe the general feelings of the American population at this time? • 4. Your Impression!

39. The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson • Radicals had gained a 2/3 majority but wanted to remove Johnson from office. a. The personal hatred between the Radicals in Congress and President Johnson. b. Radicals knew that their plan would have to be enforced by the president… Johnson wouldn’t do it. c. Johnson reduced the power of the military in the South.

40. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act over Johnson’s veto in 1867. - The act stated that the president could not dismiss government officials without the Senate’s consent. - This act reduces the power of the president • February, 1868 – Johnson makes Secretary of War Stanton resign. - Congress is outraged by this move and turn to impeachment.

41. The House draws up the Articles of Impeachment - “High Crimes and Misdemeanors” – Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act - Guilty of inflammatory remarks and disgrace to Congress. • Set up… Courtroom - The House will prosecute. - The Senate will be the Jury – 2/3 to convict - Chief Justice Chase as the Judge

42. - The trail lasted form March to May 1868 • The Senate was one vote away from impeachment when it went to Republican Edmund Ross. - A “Profile of Courage,” he votes Not Guilty, which acquits President Johnson by ONE vote – 35 to 19.

43. Review of Material • What party wins the 1866 midterm elections? • Why is this significant? • What was happening in Memphis and New Orleans? • What does it mean to “Wave the Bloody Shirt”? • How many military districts were setup in the South? • Why were they setup? • One reason why the Radicals wanted to remove Johnson. • Was Johnson impeached?

44. Reconstruction of the South • Carpetbaggers - Northerners (usually republicans) who came South during Reconstruction. They usually formed an alliance with freedmen and scalawags in order to control the South. - Some northerners came to help the blacks or run for office, but others came only to make money.

45. - They were Hated by white Southerners - Carpetbag Government – - Established a Republican state office, which they got into primarily by the black vote. Most of the government became extremely corrupt. - Carpetbaggers began to be seen as “outsiders messing around in Southern affairs.”

46. Scalawags - Native born Southerners who were loyal to the Carpetbag governments. They used the black vote and new northerners to take control of their local governments. - Some were loyal to the Union, but most were selfish and wanted to gain power in the South. - They were hated in the South as the Copperheads were hated in the North.

47. Main results of Reconstruction Government A. Northerners held most of the important political offices. B. Blacks in Congress – 22 served in Congress during the reconstruction period. - Hiram Revels – First African American to serve in the United States Senate. - Blanche Bruce – First African American to serve a FULL term in the U.S. Senate. - Black congressmen were described as “earnest, ambitious men, whose public conduct would be honorable to any race.”

48. Reconstruction Legislature Improvements: a. Free public education – including Black children. b. Tax Laws – Spreading the burden more evenly. c. Abolished imprisonment debt. No longer put in prison if you didn’t pay debts. d. Protection against illegal foreclosures. • Carpetbag state governments built up huge debts by overspending and corruption.

49. Review of Material • What did the Tenure of Office Act state? • How did Johnson violate this law? • Does Johnson get Impeached? • How many more votes did Congress need to remove the president? • What is the name given to Northerners who came down to the South in order to run for office and make money? • Who are Scalawags? • Could African Americans serve in Congress?

50. Ku Klux Klan • The start… - Many former Confederates were banned from voting and holding office. Some whites boycotted politics and hated the Republican governments. - Secret Societies started to form and develop a certain sense on how to win back the South. - Opposition through violence and intimidation.