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Chapter 2 RECONSTRUCTION is…

Chapter 2 RECONSTRUCTION is…. REBUILDING the South After the destruction of the Civil War REBUILDING the Union Readmitting the Southern states REBUILDING Southern society Giving rights to blacks – freedom, citizenship, voting. LINCOLN’S 10% PLAN. #2 - Lincoln wanted to be lenient

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Chapter 2 RECONSTRUCTION is…

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  1. Chapter 2RECONSTRUCTION is… • REBUILDING the South • After the destruction of the Civil War • REBUILDING the Union • Readmitting the Southern states • REBUILDING Southern society • Giving rights to blacks – freedom, citizenship, voting

  2. LINCOLN’S 10% PLAN • #2 - Lincoln wanted to be lenient • AMNESTY(a pardon)to all Southerners who take a loyalty oath to the U.S. (THE ENEMY THEY JUST LOST TO!) • When 10% of a state’s voters take the oath, the state can be readmitted. • Before readmission, the state must also abolish slavery. So… why was Lincoln’s death the greatest tragedy for the South?

  3. Johnson’s Plan - #3Presidential Reconstruction • Pardoned thousands of Southerners – allowed them to regain their property lost during the war and their citizenship • A Southerner who did NOT consider blacks equal to whites • States must RATIFY 13TH Amendment to be readmitted • States did NOT have to ratify the 15th Amend.

  4. Johnson’s Plan - #4Presidential Reconstruction • Under Johnson’s plan, many former Confederate leaders were able to regain control of southern governments • Southern states soon started trying to withhold the right to vote from newly freed black men • They began passing the Black Codes

  5. BLACK CODES - #4(based on former Slave Codes) • Purpose: to keep former slaves oppressed • Restrictions for freedmen: • Can’t vote; can’t hold office • Can’t serve on juries or testify against whites • Can’t own guns; can’t own land • Can’t go to school • Must have a job or go to jail - So, many wound up working on the same land ….. • could not attend school • Blacks could not own a weapon • Blacks must have a job (or go to jail) • Blacks could not serve Blacks could not own land in some states

  6. RADICAL REPUBLICAN PLANFOR RECONSTRUCTION • #5 - Led by Rep. Thaddeus Stevens • Wanted to punish the South for starting the war and keeping it going for so long • OUTRAGED by the South’s use of Black Codes • Goal: guarantee full and complete equal rights to blacks – citizenship and the right to vote • Gave greater power to the Freedmen’s Bureau and passed a Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination

  7. FREEDMAN’SBUREAU • #6 – Freedman’s Bureau was similar to a welfare agency. • Its task was to provide aid to the newly freed blacks and help them adjust to their freedom • Food, clothing • Assistance in finding jobs, getting homes, etc. • Most important contribution is in EDUCATION • Trained teachers • Began many black schools

  8. MilitaryReconstruction Act • #7 – Act passed by the Radical Republicans • Divides South into 5 military districts • Requires each state to adopt a new constitution which gave black males the right to vote and required each state to ratify the 14th amendment.“

  9. READMISSION TO THE UNION • #8 – TENNESSEE IS THE FIRST SOUTHERN STATE TO BE READMITTED TO THE UNION IN 1866.

  10. The Civil War Amendments - #9 • 13th Amendment • FREEDall former slaves; abolished slavery nationwide • 14th Amendment • MEN … former slaves are granted citizenship & equal protection of laws • 15th Amendment • VOTE … black men got right to vote.

  11. IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON • #10 – Radical Republicans want to get rid of Johnson and passed an act they knew he would violate • Tenure of Office Act - limited Johnson’s ability to fire cabinet members; Johnson fired one anyway (Sec. of War) • House of Representatives votes to impeach him. (“Impeach” = accuse) • Trial held in the Senate - he was acquitted (found innocent) by ONE vote and so was not kicked out of office. • BUT, he really has no power for the rest of his term.

  12. CARPETBAG GOVERNMENTS • #11 - Carpetbaggers were Northern Republicans who came South during Reconstruction and held office in the new Southern governments • A derogatory term – meant they were poor whites who could fit all their belongings into one bag & came to take advantage of the South • Scalawags were Southerners who supported Reconstruction • Carpetbag gov’ts had reputation for corruption BUT did build many schools and help rebuild the South

  13. Southern Resistance • #12 - Ku Klux Klan • Starts in TN • Targeted blacks, carpetbaggers, teachers in black schools, Radical Republicans • Used LYNCHING to establish control

  14. Economic Reconstruction:Sharecropping • # 13 - Sharecropper – Freedmen who farmed land owned by someone else (former masters in most cases) in return for a share of the profit from the crops • Cropper got a cabin, mule, tools, and small plot of land to farm • If cropper owed money to landowner for cash loans, use of tools, fertilizer, etc. he couldn’t leave until the debt was paid off --- known as “debt peonage”

  15. #14 - System keeps blacks trapped on plantations: • Got charged up to 40% interest on supplies purchased (fertilizer, food for farm animals, etc.) • Fall into debt & trapped on land until debts paid

  16. GRANT AS PRESIDENT • #15 - Elected in 1868 & 1872 • Civil war hero who saved the Union! But ..... a • TERRIBLE PRESIDENT • Scandals & massive corruption during his administration!

  17. Reconstruction Ends • #16 - Tilden (D) had more popular votes than Hays (R) and should have won BUT there are disputed votes in 3 states so a compromise has to to be worked out. • COMPROMISE OF 1877: • North gets the Presidency - Hayes, the Republican, is declared President • South gets U.S. troops removed from the South • RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!

  18. THE NEW SOUTH • Does NOT mean that it is good for African Americans • It is the period known as the nadir in race relations • #17 - African Americans deprived of 14th & 15th Amendment rights

  19. #18 -METHODS USED TODENY VOTING RIGHTS • Literacy Tests • To check reading ability; blacks got harder test than whites and failed • Poll Taxes • Had to pay to vote • Grandfather Clauses • IF your grandfather could vote at the end of the Civil War, you could be exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes … • The KKK • Intimidated African American voters and kept them from coming to the voting polls SO, who will get elected into Southern governments?

  20. THE NEW SOUTH • #19 -New Southern governments quickly passed Jim Crow Laws • laws to segregate the South • SEGREGATION = SEPARATION BY RACE • 1896, Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson • Was there segregation in the North also?

  21. POSITIVE CHANGES IN THE NEW SOUTH • Other crops besides cotton, tobacco, rice get started – fruits, vegetables • #20 - SOME industry gets started: • TEXTILES (Cotton mills) • BUT, only 6% of South is actually involved in industry

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