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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES

ENVR: E115. Lec 5-09. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES. Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard Extension School. Outline of Lecture #5. Global Milestones in Environmental Management Development and Environment Trends Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES

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  1. ENVR: E115 Lec 5-09 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard Extension School

  2. Outline of Lecture #5 • Global Milestones in Environmental Management • Development and Environment Trends • Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • Sustainable Development Policy • Sectoral Policies on Environment -Water -Energy -Forestry f. Institutional Framework

  3. a. GLOBAL MILESTONES

  4. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1960s • The Concept of Environment Emerging 1970s • United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972) • United Nations Environment Program (1975) • National environmental committees/agencies/ministries • Environment legislation & standards 1980s • UNEP’s first high-level meeting (1982) • World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED) (1984-87) • Bruntland Commission report, “Our Common Future” is released introducing the concept of sustainable development (1987) • Issue of “environment” brought to political agenda and expanded to include more than pollution and conservation issues

  5. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1990s • 1991 Children’s Summit • United Nations conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (1992) • WCED Report approved and Agenda 21 adopted • Population summit (1992, Cairo) • Social Summit (1995, Copenhagen) • Women’s Summit (1995, Beijing) • World Trade Organization established (1995) • Human Settlement, HABITAT (1996, Istanbul) • World Food Summit (1996, Rome) • “Rio + 5” conference convened to review the progress of implementing UNCED • Environment situation continues to worsen in most developing countries • Environmental policies and legislation are revisited to address more complex issues

  6. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2000s • Millennium Summit (2000, New York) • World Food Summit (2001, Rome) • International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn) • Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Monterrey, Mexico) • World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002, Johannesburg, South Africa) • World Summit on Climate Change, (2009, NY) • World Future Energy Summit (2010, Abu Dhabi) • worldfutureenergysummit.com

  7. b. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TRENDS

  8. World GDP Growth

  9. Access to Water in the Third World Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit. Source: World Bank, WHO, Gleck, Annan

  10. Tuberculosis in the US Source: Lomborg, 2001

  11. Infectious Disease Death Rates Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)

  12. Infant Mortality Per 1000 live births Source: UNDP

  13. Better Lives-Past 30 Years

  14. c.Millennium Development Goals 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote gender equality & empower 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & others 7. Ensure env. sustainability 8. Develop global partnership

  15. Development Goals POVERTY Goal: The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

  16. Development Goals ENVIRONMENT Goal: The proportion of the population without access to an improved water source should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

  17. Development Goals EDUCATION Goal: There should be universal primary education in all countries by 2015.

  18. Development Goals GENDER EQUALITY Goal: Progress towards gender equality and the empowerment of women should be demonstrated by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005.

  19. Development Goals INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY Goal: The death rates for infants and children under the age of five years should be reduced in each developing country by two-thirds the 1990 level by 2015.

  20. Development Goals MATERNAL HEATLH Goal: By 2015, 90% of births should be attended by skilled health personnel.

  21. Status of MDG Goals

  22. d. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY • Policy that ensures development without borrowing from future generations • Sustainable Development Policy comprises a set of institutional and environmental safeguard policies and another set of economic and social policies

  23. Sustainable Development Policy Guiding Principles of Sustainable Development Institutional Safeguards Environmental Safeguards Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability Policy on Population Policy on Governance Policy on Energy Environmental Dimensions Integrated into other Policies Environmental Assessment Environmental Monitoring Policy on Health Policy on Forestry Information Policy Policy on Education Policy on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Policy on Disclosure of Information Policy on Gender and Development Anti Corruption Policy Policy on Fisheries Policy on Involuntary Resettlement Policy on Inspection Policy on Water Policy on Indigenous Peoples Policy on Cooperation with NGOs Poverty Reduction Participatory Development Framework Consensus Building Guidebook

  24. e. SECTORAL POLICIES • FORESTRY • ENERGY • WATER

  25. STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST: A SUMMARY Source: World Bank, 2000

  26. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR • Excessive and destructive logging • Crop and livestock expansion • Mangrove forests depletion • Construction of roads through forest lands • Growing rural population migrating onto forest land • Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing policies

  27. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR • Reluctance of communities around forests to invest in forest management • Forest fires and pests • Increasing Intensity of floods • Loss of biodiversity and wild-life habitat

  28. Core Elements of a Forest Policy • Promoting forest zoning regulations that differentiate between “protection forests” & “production forests” • Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development on the forestry sector • Restrict terms of access to timber resources • Encourage growth of high yielding species of industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected degraded forest and grasslands

  29. Core Elements of a Forest Policy • Public consultations on forestry development especially with NGOs and local communities • Reorient forest agencies to play an active role in the planning and management of forests.

  30. Global Energy Use and Air Pollution: Summary Source: World Bank, 2000

  31. Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy • Tackle environmental issues before (not after) they occur • Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy supply • Practice coal washing at the mines • Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to create carbon sinks as well as to enhance fuelwood supply

  32. Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy • Develop non-conventional sources of energy (solar, biomass, wind, etc.) • Practice demand side management by energy conservation in industries, commercial & residential installations • Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy subsidy • Take all safety measures in energy installations

  33. State of the World’s Water: Summary Source: World Bank, 2000

  34. Core Elements of a Water Policy • Promoting effective national water policies and action programs • Investing in water resource management in priority river basins. • Improving water services throughautonomous and accountable providers Source: ADB, 2001

  35. Core Elements of a Water Policy • Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and conservation of water in society • Increasing the mutually beneficial use of shared water resources within and between countries. • Facilitating stakeholder consultation, participation, and partnerships • Improve governance through capacity building, monitoring, and evaluation Source: ADB, 2001

  36. f. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT HEAD OF STATE/ GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY & AGENCY SECTORAL MINISTRIES & AGENCIES • Umbrella Policy/ Statement on Environment • Environment Protection Act • EIA Policy & Guidelines • Coordinating & Assisting in Formulation of Sectoral Policies and Legislation • Monitoring & Assessment • Energy, Water, Agriculture Sectoral Policies • Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Bio-diversity, and Conservation Legislation

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