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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. Let’s make some protein!. Protein Synthesis: An Overview. Genetic information is contained within the nucleus of a cell DNA in the nucleus directs protein synthesis Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis Let’s make some protein!

  2. Protein Synthesis: An Overview • Genetic information is contained within the nucleus of a cell • DNA in the nucleus directs protein synthesis • Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm • How does a ribosome synthesize the protein required if it does not have access to DNA?

  3. THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  4. Protein Synthesis: An Overview • The answer lies in an intermediate substance known as mRNA (m stands for ‘messenger’) • Information is copied from DNA into mRNA, this is called transcription • mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm of the cell • Ribosomes use the mRNA as a blueprint to synthesize proteins composed of amino acids, this is translation

  5. Ribose sugar Single stranded A pairs with U G pairs with C Resides in nucleus and cytoplasm Remember RNA…?

  6. RNA • There are three types of RNA: • mRNA is the “blueprint” for construction of a protein • rRNA is the “construction site” where the proteins are made • tRNA is the “truck” delivering the proper amino acids to the site of protein synthesis

  7. Genes and Proteins • Genes are a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a particular protein, such as a chemical (adrenalin), enzyme (lactase), or hormone (dopamine) • Proteins drive cellular processes, determine physical characteristics, and manifest genetic disorders by their absence or presence (ex. Hemophilia)

  8. Transcription • Double-stranded DNA is unzipped and copied onto a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) • Recall that on RNA, the A nucleotide binds with U, instead of with T

  9. Translation • After transcription the mRNA exits the nucleus via nuclear pores • Ribosomes bind to the mRNA • Ribosomes read the sequence on mRNA • The mRNA is read in triplets (called codons) • Each triplet is the codon for an amino acid (protein building block)

  10. Match Game • Consider the following mRNA sequence: A U G A A U G A G C U G A A C How would translation match this section?

  11. Transfer RNA • The ribosome alone cannot synthesize the protein chain • The correct amino acids must be delivered to the polypeptide building site by tRNA

  12. Ribosomes • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. • The ribosome has binding sites for the mRNA transcript and the tRNAmolecules.

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