American Politics (Ch 1)

1. American Politics (Ch 1) I. What is Politics? The study of who gets what, when, and how. -Political Science is the study of politics, or the study of who gets what, when, and how through government processes in a world of scarceresources and conflicting preferences. Questions for this course and book. Who? Participants When and How? Institutions What outcomes? Policy (e.g. economic system, civil rights, personal liberty) III. What is government? organization extending to the whole society that can legitimately use force to carry out its decisions. legitimacy – widespread acceptance of something as necessary, rightful, and legally binding.

2. IV. Why is there government? A. Ensure Domestic tranquility – government exists to ensure peace at home. Why is it necessary? • The Western Enlightenment Tradition • Thomas Hobbes – a world without government would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” • John Locke – government originates as an implied contract among individuals who agree to obey laws in exchange for protection of their rights and property. 2. Christian Western Tradition (St. Paul, Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, etc.) – gov’t is divinely appointed to promote goodness/justice and suppress the evil tendencies of fallen men.

3. B. Common Defense – government is necessary to protect one people group from invasion by another people group. C. Promote General Welfare 1. Public Good – Goods or services supplied by governments that markets do not supply, cannot supply, or have been prevented from supplying by gov’t itself. Public goods are nonexcludable (one is unable to prevent nonpayers from consuming the good) and nonrivalrous (one’s consumption does not affect another’s consumption). • “Tragedy of the Commons”: When everyone owns something, no one owns it. It is more likely to be overused and abused. (What if farmland could not be privately owned? Why are private bathrooms, private yards, and private golf courses cleaner than public ones?) 2. Externality – effects of a private transaction imposed on indirect participants (e.g., a homeowner is effected for good or ill by the decisions of his neighbors). • Negative – transactions reduce welfare of nonparticpants (pollution). Gov’t may use taxes to prevent them. • Positive – transactions enhance welfare of nonparticipants (education). Gov’t may use subsidies to encourage them.

4. Income transfer – When government takes income from one party and gives it to another presumably for the collective good (e.g. VA benefits, disabled, poor, farmers, businesses, and the wealthy. V. What is democracy? • “Rule by the many” (Greek)/People rule themselves; but implies the following… A. Individual dignity (again, from the Enlightenment tradition and Judeo-Christian tradition…) • natural law (Locke) – there are rights possessed by every human by virtue of his/her humanity (e.g. life, liberty, personal property, equal protection under the law) • Imago Deo (Image of God) – humans have inherent dignity and value; they alone are created in the image of God B. Participation in decision making • “The argument for democracy is not that the people will always choose wise policies for themselves, but that people who cannot choose for themselves are not really free.” C. Majority rule (1 person/1 vote) *Are we a pure democracy?

5. VI. Paradox of Democracy • Potential for conflict between individual freedom and majority rule. Solution: Constitutional government. (e.g. limited government, Bill of Rights…) VII. Types of democracy • Direct – all members of the society vote on and participate in each issue. • Representative democracy – a government rooted in the consent of the governed (we elect decision-makers) Four conditions for Democracy Claim • Representatives are selected by vote of all the people. • Elections are open to competition. (multiple political parties, for instance) • Candidates and voters can freely express themselves. • Representatives are selected periodically (frequent elections). If elections are rare, majorities can react to poor governance frequently enough to express their will.

6. VII. Who governs? Three views… • Elitist perspective – all societies, even democracies, are divided into the few who govern and the many who do not. There is a ‘ruling class’ disproportionately drawn from the upper classes, who get their way ultimately. • But what if the ruling elite are doing good for all people? “Government is always government by the few, whether in the name of the few, the one, or the many.” – Harold Laswell and Daniel Lerner. “…whether elites are self-seeking or public spirited, open or closed, responsive or unresponsive, it is they and not the masses who actually make the decisions.” Dye. • Is Elitism so bad? Is there not Positive Elitism? George Will: Elitism is not so bad. Do we really want ignorant people ruling or even influential when it comes to public policy? Don’t we naturally select our ‘betters’ as leaders? For the most part, however, theorists who ascribe to this view express pessimism (Negative Elitism) about the structure and future of society and they typically want political reforms

7. B. Pluralist theory – democracy can be achieved through competition among multiple organized groups and that individuals can participate in politics through groups memberships and elections. • Political competition among many participants will prevent the long-term dominance of any one individual or group. Public Policy is not always the desire of the majority, but the equilibrium result of pluralist competition. Lawmakers react to interest group pressure and as they satisfy one group, another group rises up. These group competition leads to stability and genuine democracy through interest group activity.

8. C. Interest Group Theory of Government : Some interest groups will pay the costs of being informed and lobbying because the benefits of some policies will be concentrated in their hands, but the costs of those policies will be spread out among taxpayers (who are “rationally ignorant” of politics and not willing to become informed or organize simply to recover a few cents). Example, 1988 U.S. Tariff (import tax) on sugar. • Avg. world price = 7 cents per pound; in U.S. = 20 cents per pound. Sugar farmers gathered, organized, and got a sugar tariff pushed through. Results? • 270 million Americans paid $6 more a year for sugar, but 11,000 U.S. sugar producers averaged $130,000 income. *Why do Americans do nothing about this? Is it worth learning of it? Worth organizing over it? Most say becoming informed and organizing to stop it is too costly given the potential benefits (a few cents). In this scenario, government is like a marketplace where lawmakers function as sellers, interest groups function as buyers, and policies function as goods.

9. Political culture Political Culture: widely shared views about who should govern, for what ends, and by what means. *Does America have a political culture? How does or does it differ from other parts of the world? • Conflict arises when large segments of the population differ over BASIC values and beliefs (e.g. religion, slavery, economic system, etc.). America’s political culture is rooted in our past… I. Liberal Tradition (not liberalism in the modern sense!) • Classical Liberalism – political philosophy asserting the worth and dignity of the individual and emphasizing the rational ability of human beings to determine their own destinies. In a word: FREEDOM • anti-feudal • anti-state control • disgust with hereditary prerogative • anti-state established church • anti-aristocracy These views formed a kind of core political value system of the earliest colonists; the result was a strong emphasis on freedom.

10. Two Dimensions of Classical Liberalism • Political freedom – restrictions on the activity of individuals should be kept small (limited government). • Economic freedom – (Capitalism) individual has right to own, rent, sell, buy, trade property on the open market. II. Equality – many early Americans sought to create a more egalitarian (equal) political society where individuals were treated the same, at least by the government. • Political equality – equal protection under the law. Government should treat people fairly. Every person gets one vote equal to that of every other person. *Have we always had this? No, though equality and freedom were stressed more here than most other places, women and racial minorities and poor whites were given second class citizenship at best and politically, could not vote. Today, it is best to describe American interest in equality as emphasizing equality of opportunity OVER equality of results. • Equality of opportunity – “start race in the same spot” - Achievement should reflect merit alone. • Equality of results – “finish the race even” (not widely shared by the U.S. public, but are policies reflective of this belief?)

11. III. Income and wealth inequality • Income – generally speaking, the American public disfavors government efforts to reduce income equality. -The highest 1/5 income earners receive nearly half of all personal income. The gap between top-bottom fifth has grown recently. But they pay more of the total taxes as well…

12. B. Wealth – there is much greater inequality of wealth than there is income. Upper class, white, males control most of the wealth in the country. The top 1% of families in the U.S. control 40% of all family wealth. It has surged recently C. What is the single greatest cause of recent increases in wealth inequality? • Answer: The baby boomer generation is growing older and the younger generations are delaying marriage. D. Social Classes/Mobility – • Only the impoverished are willing to call themselves “poor.” A majority in every other class prefer “middle class.” • A third of the richest and third of the poorest families will change categories within a decade (slowing though). The widespread perception of free social mobility, however, reduces the chance of class conflict. • Political ideology – a consistent and integrated system of ideas, values, and beliefs about how pervasive a government should be in a society. • Ideology trends with 3 categories-one dimensional • General Pop - Figure (next slide) : Moderates and Conservatives=37%; Liberals=25% • By age – Table next slide (18-24 most liberal)

14. B. Four American ideological camps (two-dimensional): • Conservatism (30%) – belief in the value of free markets, limited government, and individual self-reliance in economic affairs, combined with a belief in the value of tradition, law and morality in social affairs. • Liberalism (16%) – belief in the value of strong government to provide economic security and protection for civil rights, combined with a belief in personal freedom from government intervention in social conduct.

15. Populists (20%) – typically conservative on social issues, but believe that government should actively provide economic security for domestic workers and businesses. • Libertarians (22%) – want minimal government in both economic and personal affairs. • Race and Immigration – (See Fig 1-3 for general ethnic breakdown). • Blacks make up about 13% of the population and were the largest racial minority until recently when Hispanics surpassed them at 13%. Current demography projects the Hispanic population to increase its share to 16% by 2020 with blacks at 13%. Whites are 71% today and will be roughly 64% in 2020. • Immigrants – America is historically a nation of immigrants (Statue of Liberty – welcomes all “huddled masses yearning to be free”). Today, 8% of Americans are not native born. Anti-immigration sentiments have surfaced when jobs for lower classes have become scarce and when public service (tax) burdens are seen has heavy due to public support of immigrants (legal or otherwise).

16. C. Illegal Immigration – America has 5000 miles of border (2000 with Mexico). The U.S. has been ineffective in keeping illegal border crossers out. Estimates of illegal immigrants range from 4-12 million. Immigration, especially illegal immigration, is currently a hot topic in light of Social Security problems and domestic security in the war against terror. VI. Religion and Secularism – There has been a change in the relationship among religious observers in American politics. The most religious (in terms of beliefs and behavior) and the least religious or secular are increasingly realigning along partisan lines and public opinion (known as the “Culture War”). This was not the case just 30 years ago. In terms of voting behavior and opinion, what matters is not so much what religion you are (old cleavage); but how religious or traditional you are. Generally, the more faithful in prayer and church attendance, the more politically conservative.

17. MS highest at 85%; Vermont lowest at 42% (Gallup 2009; http://wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=89029