TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

1. TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Chapter 11

2. The Jeffersonian Revolution • Well over 6 feet tall • Not a good public speaker. • One of the greatest writers among U.S. Pres. • A renaissance man • Incredibly well-read in science and philosophy • Cont. Congress; • assemblyman; • Gov. of Virginia.; • Author of Dec. of Independence; • Min. to France; • Sec. of State; • Vice Pres.

3. Election of 1800 • Adams v. Jefferson again. Close again. • Aaron Burr runs as Dem.-Rep. Vice President • Jefferson wins this time, 73 to 65. • Why do Federalists lose support? • Election is very personal • New York is the key swing state. NY delivered to Jefferson by Aaron Burr through his connections in the state. • Jefferson strongest in west and south where universal white male suffrage (no property requirements) had taken hold.

4. Election of 1800

5. Election of 1800 • Aaron Burr problem. • Vice Presidential election and electoral college before the 12th Amendment • Tie throws election into House • Burr’s reaction • What Hamilton does to help Jefferson? • Why he does it.

6. Revolution of 1800 • Election of 1800 arguably the most significant in US History. • Why?

7. The Federalist Finale • Adams was the last Federalist president. • Federalist as halfway house between European past and American present. • Why can’t Federalists appeal to more voters? • Stayed a party for another 20 years, but can’t win the presidency. Federalists, like the dinosaurs, couldn’t adapt and so became extinct

8. Jefferson’s Political Principles • Themes of inaugural • Jefferson’s political principles • Rejected the idea of a political elite. • Backbone of democracy was the free, independent farmer. • Universal suffrage without regard to property ownership. • Small government—government governs best when it governs least. • Strict construction of the Constitution.

9. Jeffersonian Restraint • Jefferson’s first priority was to undue abuses by the Federalists. What does he do? • Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and Sedition Act • Pushed a new naturalization law (1802) that reduced residence requirement back to five years. • Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year in lost revenue. • reduced the national debt • What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s financial program.

10. Judiciary Act of 1801 • What did it do • “midnight judges”. • How did Dem.-Rep. view law? • Dem.-Rep. repealed the Judiciary Act. • Chief Justice John Marshall • ShapedAmerican legal tradition and meaning of the Constitution more profoundly than any other single figure. • Served as Chief Justice for 34 years

11. Marbury v Madison • Marshall’s first and one of his most important legacies • Basic Facts • Ruling • Judicial Review • Consequences

12. Jefferson Turns Warrior • Jefferson attitude and actions toward army and navy. • North African Barbary Pirates • “Shores of Tripoli” • Mosquito fleet

13. The Louisiana Godsend • Spain had gotten Louisiana from France after the F&I War • 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana Territory to France • Why does France want it? • In 1802 Spain withdrew the right of deposit. • Farmers’ reaction? Jefferson’s options? • Jefferson send envoys. Their instructions? • Napoleon offers to sell the entire territory for 15 Mill.. • Why? • Envoys jump at the offer without waiting for instructions.

14. Louisiana Purchase Terr. West of Mississippi in Miss. and Mo. River watershed

15. Louisiana In The Long View • One of the most important events in US History. • Doubled the size of country and gave us very fertile land. • Increased the momentum of westward expansion. • Led to the feeling that country was unlimited. • Planted the seeds of manifest Destiny—idea that America destined to control entire continent.

16. Exploring the Louisiana Purchase and the West

17. Hamilton-Burr Duel • Federalist attitude toward Louisiana Purchase • Aaron Burr Plot for the secession of New England • Hamilton-Burr duel in 1804. • Reason for Duel • Burr killed Hamilton during the duel, and Burr further discredited

18. America: A Nutcrackered Neutral • Jefferson reelected in 1804 in a landslide. (162-14), • In his second term forced to deal with the mess in Europe and to try to find a way to stay neutral. • Napoleon reignites war in Europe. Brits oppose. • By 1806 France supreme on Land, Brits supreme on seas. Stalemate. • At first, US shippers get rich trading to both sides.

19. America: A Nutcrackered Neutral • British Orders in Council in 1806 • Napoleon’s response? • Why does US see this as violation of its rights? • England impresses over 6000 US sailors between 1608-11. • Why does England refuse to stop? • Chesapeake Affair -1807 • Americans outraged and ready for war, but Jefferson refuses to pull the trigger. Why?

20. Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo • National Honor required US to do something • Pros and cons of US options. • Embargo Act (1807) • Assumed this would quickly bring England and France around.

21. Embargo • Most people HATE it. Why?. • New England Federalist particularly mad. • What did they argue?. • Consequences: • Three times more costly that war would have been. • Ultimately did help New England factories.

23. Non-Intercourse Act • March 1809, just before Jefferson leaves office, Congress repealed the embargo and substituted the Non-Intercourse Act • What did IT require? • Why embargo failed? • Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and they repealed Orders in Council, but too late to avoid War of 1812

24. James Madison • Became 4th President in 1809. • 5-4, 100 lb., weak voice. • Very distinguished career: • Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const. Convention, Sec. of State. • Not very successful as President. Party broken by factions and he was not a strong leader of it. • Dolly Madison, first true First Lady who acted as social hostess.

25. Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon • Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Why it was passed? • What it said about trade? • Napoleon tricks Madison into believing France would comply. Sets US on course antagonistic to England. • “War Hawks” • War Hawks pushing for War against England. • Why? • Henry Clay; John C. Calhoun

26. “War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY]

27. Battling Indians in the West • War Hawks believed Brits stirring up Indians in the West. • Kentucky Problem • Tecumseh and the Prophet. Shawnee Brothers • They began to build a tribal confederacy east of the Mississippi. • Their plan. • Attacked Settlers in “their” land.

28. Indian Battles • Nov 1811 General William Henry Harrison (9th president) attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters at TippecanoeIndiana • 1814 Andrew Jackson (7th President) crushed Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama) • Significance?

29. War of 1812 • June 1812 militant War Hawks get a declaration of war from Congress, • very narrow vote, signaling a dangerous division in the country • Federalists strongly oppose • Dub it “Mr. Madison’s War”