The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1. The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 Chapter 11

2. I. Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Election of 1800- Adams Federalists wanted strong central government, Jeffersonians guardians of states’ rights and agrarian values Federalists handicapped by Alien and Sedition Acts Split with Hamiltonians Preparation for war caused debt to swell, new taxes Federalists concentrate on Jefferson’s personal life to defeat D-R’S

3. II. The Jefferson “Revolution” of 1800 1800-Controversial election Jefferson defeats Adams, Burr and others Support from South and West States where there was universal manhood suffrage VP Aaron Burr Jefferson claimed election was “revolution” Return to spirit of 1776 Seen as a mandate to check growth of gov’t power Peaceful transfer of power remarkable achievement

4. III. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Jefferson takes office in Washington, D.C. First party overturn in American history Simple, frugal style contrast to previous presidents Once in office saw political reality, had to reverse principles Able politician, used personal charm to keep party together

5. IV. Jeffersonian Restraint Jefferson kept most Federalist programs, viewed as a moderate Got rid of Alien and Sedition Laws Removed excise tax, cost government millions of dollars a year Streamline bureaucracy, turned over domestic policy to states Revenue growth came from sale of western lands, surge in imports to America Jefferson’s true desire for America was a nation of farmers (agrarian republic)

6. V. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary Judiciary Act 1801 passed at the end of Adams term Created 16 new federal judgeships Adams and the “midnight judges” Lifetime appointments upset Jeffersonians, wanted to repeal act John Marshall appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court Marshall strong Federalist, committed to power of federal government Served 34 years as Chief Justice Shaped American legal tradition more than any other figure

7. V. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary Marbury vs. Madison • William Marbury one of the midnight judges • Madison wanted appointment denied • Marbury sued government, Marshall dismissed case • Marshall said Supreme Court was not able to use powers of Constitution to make appointment • Result of case: Supreme Court became final authority on questions of constitutionality (judicial review) • Established independence of judiciary, and separation of powers

8. VI. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Jefferson wanted to reduce size of military Wanted to transcend wars of Europe Republicans distrusted large armies Realities forced different course of action Barbary States (N. Africa) kept taking American sailors 1801- Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US Jefferson sends in navy, marines 1805- peace treaty signed Jefferson builds American fleet of small gunboats

9. VII. The Louisiana Godsend 1800- French sign secret pact with Spanish to regain control of New Orleans 1802- Spanish withdraw “right of deposit” to Americans Americans in the trans-Mississippi area wanted to descend on New Orleans US thought it would have to fight French to retake New Orleans 1803- Jefferson sends James Monroe to buy New Orleans for $10 million

10. VII. The Louisiana Godsend Developments cause Napoleon to sell all of Louisiana 1803- Revolt in Santo Domingo (Haiti) led by slaves and yellow fever defeat French troops Napoleon needed money to fight war in Europe, needed cash from sale of Louisiana US power might thwart British in New World

11. VII. The Louisiana Godsend French suddenly offer to sell all of Louisiana April 1803 treaties signed, sold to US for $15 million Doubled size of US Jefferson really did not have power to do this (president not authorized to make treaties) Senators did not complain, supported purchase, quickly approved action 828,000 sq. mi. 3 cents acre

12. VIII. Louisiana in the Long View Results Avoided war with France, alliance with England Purchase foundation for future Imperialism with a democratic face, conquest by purchase (exception- Indians, Spaniards) Expanded power of federal government Allowed Americans to be isolationist, removed last significant European power from continent Exploration of Lewis and Clark, Pike provided scientific, geographic knowledge of region Demonstrated viability of overland route to the Pacific

13. IX. Aaron Burr Conspiracies Vast territory raised fears of secession and foreign intrigue Demonstrated by Aaron Burr Burr dropped from Vice Presidency, conspired against government, foiled by Hamilton Bur and Hamilton duel, Hamilton killed, Burr becomes an outcast 1806- Burr plots with James Wilkinson (LA Territory governor) to create separate country of trans-Mississippi west Plan foiled, Burr arrested Not enough evidence to put him on trial, flees to Europe

14. X. A Precarious Neutrality 1804 Jefferson reelected 1805 Britain and France cause problems for American trade British close trade with Europe, unless it first stops at British port French seize all merchant vessels (including American) Both sides impress American seamen 1807- Chesapeake incident British seize American frigate, demand surrender of American sailors Americans refuse and British fire on the ship British government admit they are wrong American’s upset at incident

15. XI. The Hated Embargo Warring nations in Europe depend on the US (raw materials, food) 1807-Jefferson decides to voluntarily cut off goods, Embargo Act Forbid goods from US to be exported Hurt American economy (NE- shipping, South- agricultural products), cost people jobs Effects worse in US than Europe Smuggling made a comeback, so did Federalist party Talk of succession in NE 1809- Act repealed, passed Non-Intercourse Act (could trade with all countries except GB and FR), policy until 1812 Act extremely unpopular Did revive American manufacturing, foundation for future industry

16. XII. Madison’s Gamble 1808- Jefferson retired after two terms James Madison becomes president Unable to dominate congress, problems within Cabinet 1809- Non-Intercourse Act (would expire 1810), not supported by Congress US realized it could not survive without either Britain or France as a trading partner Macon’s Bill No. 2 seemed like American’s were giving in on embargoes 1810 France opens trade, British do not Why did they have to? Trade meant end of America neutrality

17. XIII. Tecumseh and the Prophet 1811- War hawks dominate Congress, most from south and west Supported military action against British Tired of treatment of sailors, British interference in trade, especially farm products from the west headed to Europe Wanted to clear Indians out of west (move them to LA Territory) Two Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and the Prophet, formed a confederacy of eastern tribes Movement of Indian unity, resist white ways

19. XIII. Tecumseh and the Prophet Frontiersmen and Congressmen thought British were behind movement 1811- William Henry Harrison and army attacked and defeated Indians at Tippecanoe (Indiana) Made Harrison a national hero, drove Indians into alliance with British 1813-Tecumseh dies fighting for British

20. XIV. Mr. Madison’s War Spring 1812 Madison sees war as inevitable War hawks want to invade Canada and wipe out British base, stop Indian raids Old Northwest –wanted Canada South- wanted Florida Madison wanted to restore confidence in America, years of steering a middle course with FR and BR brought international ridicule, domestic division June 1812 Madison asks Congress to declare war Vote was sectional- west and south support war, New England strongly against war New England refused to send militia into battle, supplied British Another war with the world’s most powerful empire