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The Nervous System & its Cells

The Nervous System & its Cells. Divisions of the Nervous System. Central (inside skull & spine) Brain Spinal Cord. Peripheral (outside skull & spine) Nerves. Central Nervous System. Brain. Divisions of the human brain. Specialization of function.

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The Nervous System & its Cells

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  1. The Nervous System & its Cells

  2. Divisions of the Nervous System Central (inside skull & spine) Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral (outside skull & spine) Nerves

  3. Central Nervous System Brain

  4. Divisions of the human brain

  5. Specialization of function Different regions of the brain are associated with different function

  6. Spinal Cord Reflex Ouch! That hurts, dude! Spinal cord lesion Group activity • Would sensation be abolished by: • a spinal cord lesion? • polio? • - Would the reflex be abolished by: • - a spinal cord lesion? • - polio?

  7. Peripheral Nervous System Somatic System: - controls voluntary muscle Autonomic System: - controls glands & internal organs - has two subcomponents - Sympathetic (adrenaline): arousal - Parasympathetic: calm

  8. Levels of Investigation Brain Areas (visual system) Cells (neurons) Molecules (neurotransmitters)

  9. Neurons: Its many shapes & sizes

  10. Neuron: basic parts Cell Body football field Dendrite Campus Axonwide a street Axonlong as Philly - Ohio Cell membranethick as pinky finger Synaptic cleftthick as thumb # synapses 10.000 (same number as Villanova students) axon terminals Some axons are wrapped burrito-style by fatty cells (glial cells) - increases speed at which neurons communicate) - white in color (white matter vs gray matter - is destroyed by multiple sclerosis

  11. Neuron: its physiology What makes neurons different from other cells? Neurons process and transmit electrical impulses Neuron’s cell membrane is electrically charged (interior is more negative) Neurons influence each other’s charge (‘communicate’)

  12. How do neurons process and transmit electrical impulses? A. dendrites receive input from other neurons B. axon sends neural impulse to axon terminal C. a neurotransmitter (NT) is release and makes contact with another neuron (synapse)

  13. Synapse Communication Steps • NT is released from pre-synaptic neuron • NT binds to receptors in post-synaptic neuron • Opens Na+ channels • Sodium rushes in (activation) • If enough Na+ rushes in => depolarization (action potential) • NT released by post-synaptic neuron Pre-synaptic neuron Post-synaptic neuron

  14. Other important facts Various Neurotransmitters (NT): • Dopamine • Adrenaline • Serotonin • Acetylcholine For each NT,various receptors - nicotine & muscarine Drugs can act by - modifying amount of NT, or - binding to receptor (nicotine) The net effect on neuron could be: - activation (action potential) - inhibition

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