Normal fault: Tension Forces

1. K-W-LWhat do you know about earthquakes?In your notebook: Take 3 minutes to write down as much as you know.

2. Normal fault: Tension Forces

3. Reverse Fault: Compressional Forces

4. Earthquake energy Kinetic Energy: energy of motion Potential Energy: Stored energy in an object that can be converted into kinetic energy.

5. Do Now: Silently • Draw the fault below on your do now sheet and include the following information • Name: _______ • The type of force: _____ (compressional or tension) • Arrows showing direction of force movement:_____ • 2. How would you explain the cause of earthquakes to someone?

6. What causes earthquakes? • Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform • Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches a breaking point, releasing energy.

7. Elasticity: The ability of a material to “rebound” into its original state after being deformed.

8. Elastic Rebound – deformed rock goes back to its original shape http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

9. Primary Waves (P Waves) • A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground • Rocks move in the same direction as the wave • The first wave to arrive at epicenter after an earthquake

10. Secondary Waves (S Waves) • A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side (at right angles) http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm

11. Surface Waves • Cause the most damage • Arrive after S and P waves

12. Surface Waves • Move along the Earth’s surface • Produces motion in the upper crust • Motion can be up and down • Motion can be around • Motion can be back and forth • Travel more slowly than S and P waves • More destructive

13. Do Now: Similarities and differences between P and S Waves

14. Do Now: • Solve: How much more energy is released in a magnitude 8 earthquake than a magnitude 5? SHOW YOUR MATH!

15. Comparing Seismic Waves

17. How Seismographs Work the pendulum remains fixed as the ground moves beneath it http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

18. Typical Seismogram http://isu.indstate.edu/jspeer/Earth&Sky/EarthCh11.ppt

19. How do scientists calculate how far a location is from the epicenter of an earthquake? Lag Time: • Scientists calculate the difference between arrival times of the P waves and S waves • The further away an earthquake is, the greater the time between the arrival of the P waves and the S waves

20. Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

21. Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

22. Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

23. How are Earthquakes Measured? Richter Scale

24. How are Earthquakes Measured? Mercalli Intensity Scale Click Link for Interactive Demo http://elearning.niu.edu/simulations/images/S_portfolio/Mercalli/Mercalli_Scale.swf

25. 1/11 Do Now: Record your observations about the scene below. Using terms from this week, explain what caused the damage.

26. Locating Epicenters

28. 1/15 Do Now: Record your observations and thoughts about the map below. Describe in detail what you are seeing. Does it make sense?

29. Primary Hazards

30. Aftershocks

31. Foundation Failure

32. Secondary Hazards

33. Liquefaction

34. Landslides

35. Fires

36. Tsunamis - Pacific Region Warning System

37. "Only fools, charlatans, and liars predict earthquakes" -Charles Richter

38. New Madrid, Missouri1811, 1812

39. Paleoseismology

40. Seismic Gaps