Review for the Final

1. Review for the Final Multiple Choice – May 29th Essay – May 30th

2. After WWII, the global community wanted to prevent future world wars. • Established on October 24, 1945 • 50 nations signed the UN Charter Causes for the creation of the UN

3. Ban Ki Moon • Kofi Annan (Ghana) • Boutros BoutrosGhali (Egypt) • Javier Pèrez de Cuèllar (Peru) • Kurt Walheim(Austria) • U Thant (Burma, now Myanmar) • Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) Secretary Generals of the UN

4. Secretary Generals usually come from countries considered small to medium sized neutral powers • They are usually career diplomats • They serve no more than 2-5 year terms • Regional rotation is observed • Nationals from the 5 permanent members are ineligible. Regional Representation of Secretary Generals

5. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco. • Effective on October 24, 1945 UN Charter

6. Third Committee • Agenda items relating to a range of social, humanitarian affairs and human rights issues that affect people all over the world. • The Committee also discusses the advancement of women, the protection of children, indigenous issues, the treatment of refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms through the elimination of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self- determination.  The Committee also addresses important social development questions such as issues related to youth, family, ageing, persons with disabilities, crime prevention, criminal justice, and international drug control. Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural

7. First committee • The First Committee deals with disarmament, global challenges and threats to peace that affect the international community and seeks out solutions to the challenges in the international security regime Disarmament and International Security

8. Fourth Committee • The Special Political and Decolonization Committee deals with a variety of subjects which include those related to decolonization, Palestinian refugees and human rights, peacekeeping, mine action, outer space, public information, atomic radiation and University for Peace. Special, Political and Decolonization

9. Second Committee • Issues relating to economic growth and development such as macroeconomic policy questions (including international trade, international financial system, and external debt sustainability), financing for development, sustainable development, human settlements, poverty eradication, globalization and interdependence, operational activities for development, and information and communication technologies for development. Economic and Financial

10. An international staff working in duty stations around the world • Carries out the day to day work of the organization • The head is the Secretary General who is appointed by the General Assembly • Duties: range from administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. Secretariat staff also inform the world's communications media about the work of the United Nations; organize international conferences on issues of worldwide concern; and interpret speeches and translate documents into the Organization's official languages The Secretariat

11. The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations • Made up of 193 member nations • The Assembly meets in regular session from September to December each year, and later as required. • Each country has one vote.  The General Assembly

12. The main judicial organ of the UN. • 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council • The Court decides disputes between countries, based on the voluntary participation of the States concerned. If a State agrees to participate in a proceeding, it is obligated to comply with the Court's decision. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

13. The ICC is an independent international organization, • It is not part of the United Nations system. • Location: The Hague in the Netherlands. Its proceedings may take place anywhere. • Can prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. • It came into being on 1 July 2002—the date its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the ICC, came into force—and it can prosecute only crimes committed on or after that date. The International Criminal Court (ICC)

14. Partners with people to promote growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. • Present in 177 nations • Focuses on: • Poverty reduction • Environment and Energy Sustainability • Democratic Governance • Empowering women • Halting and preventing HIV/AIDS UNDP

15. Established in 1946 • Holds regular meetings throughout the year – with its biggest month long meeting in July. • The Council's 54 member Governments are elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms. Seats on the Council are allotted based on geographical representation with fourteen allocated to African States, eleven to Asian States, six to Eastern European States, ten to Latin American and Caribbean States, and thirteen to Western European and other States. • Forum for international economic and social progress Economic and Social Council

16. UN Organs

17. Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. • It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. • Determines the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of dealing with the problem. • In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. • Five permanent members with veto power and ten non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. • Meetings are called at any given time when the need arises. Security Council

18. Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States • Ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date): • Argentina(2014) • Azerbaijan(2013) • Australia(2014) • Guatemala(2013) • Luxemburg(2014) • Morocco(2013) • Pakistan(2013) • Republic of Korea (2014) • Rwanda (2014) • Togo (2013) Security Council Members

19. United Nations Peacekeeping helps countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace. They are comprised of civilian, police and military personnel. • Unlike regular soldiers, these soldiers of peace are neutral. They wear the blue UN helmets and do not take sides. They come on behalf of the whole world to help out. Peace Keeping Troops

20. Any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level • NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)

21. Works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values • UNESCO’s mission is to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. The Organization focuses, in particular, on two global priorities: • Africa • Gender equality UNESCO – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

22. Works in more than 190 countries and territories to save and improve children’s lives, providing health care and immunizations, clean water and sanitation, nutrition, education, emergency relief and more. UNICEF – UN International Children’s Emergency Fund

23. WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. • It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. World Health Organization - WHO

24. An organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world • The IMF keeps track of the economic health of its member countries, alerting them to risks on the horizon and providing policy advice. It also lends to countries in difficulty, and provides technical assistance and training to help countries improve economic management. International Monetary Fund - IMF

25. To promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues. • The ILO was founded in 1919 International Labor Organization (ILO)

26. States the reasons for which the committee is addressing the topic and highlights past international action on the issue. Each clause begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma. Resolutions – Preambulatory Clauses

27. Operative clauses are the second major part of the resolution, on which the debate is focused. The operative clauses ask for the action needed to solve the issue. Each clause addresses a certain aspect of the issue; therefore one clause should not call for a variety of measures but stay focused on one particular aspect. When writing operative clauses, you should make sure to stay concrete and rational. The final clause is usually a sort of conclusion, reserved for expressing hope that countries will cooperate on the issue, although this is not mandatory Resolution – Operative Clauses

28. Who writes a resolution? • Any delegate in the committee can write a resolution (although in rare instances an observer state is not allowed to directly write a resolution). The author of a resolution is called a sponsor. Most resolutions have multiple sponsors because it takes a group of countries to share good ideas and to come to a consensus. Some conferences allow delegates to sponsor multiple resolutions for each topic while others only allow delegates to sponsor one per topic. Resolution Basics

29. What is a resolution? A resolution is a document that contains all the issues that the committee wants to solve and the proposed solutions to that issue. It’s called a resolution because that’s what the United Nations calls the documents they produce. Technically, the resolution should be called a draft resolution before it is voted upon and then called a resolution after it is successfully passed during voting bloc. Resolution Basics

30. When and where are resolutions written? • Resolutions are usually written during unmoderated caucus where delegates are free to roam around the committee to collaborate on ideas with each other, and sometimes students work outside in hallways or computer labs as well. Resolution-writing becomes more focused during the latter sessions of committee when different country policies are clear and different ideas have been mentioned already. Resolution Basics

31. Why: • The ultimate purpose of a committee session is to pass a resolution. All the speeches, debate, negotiation, and teamwork is supposed to lead up to a resolution which contains all the proposed solutions to the issue. The resolution(s) that the majority of the committee agrees upon will be passed during voting bloc and the sponsors will be informally commended for building consensus on good ideas. Most conferences allow multiple resolutions to pass as long as they do not contradict each other, but a few conferences allow only one resolution to pass. Resolution Basics

33. The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine members must be present to pass a resolution. Quorum

34. A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole do something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a draft resolution, or to move into voting procedure. Motions

35. A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to mingle and speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions. Unmoderated Caucus

36. Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote is a vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting bloc. Only member states (not observer states or non-governmental organizations) may vote on substantive issues. Substantive

37. Arabic • Chinese • English • French • Russian • Spanish • A delegate may speak in any of the official languages • Most UN documents are also issued in all six official languages Official Languages

38. French • English • Languages used for conversation and correspondence Working languages

39. National Sovereignty The basic idea is that the UN charter guarantees every member state that the UN will not encroach upon their national sovereignty. In other words, the UN will not have the authority to override the will of the people (or rulers anyway) of any individual member nation. For example, the UN cannot tell a country that they cannot discriminate against women, they can merely encourage them to not do so by asking them or by doing things (such as offering schooling to women) that the subject nation or nations will allow. The exception to this rule is the Security Council, which has the power to tell nations to do things. Keeping this principle in mind, you will often find people who will use this argument to claim that your proposal violates the UN’s charter.

40. Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway and Finland Neutral Nations

41. US Dollar • Euro • Japanese Yen • British Pound • Swiss Franc • Australian Dollar • Canadian Dollar Common Currencies