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Hemp 101

Hemp 101. WBA Hemp as is Happens Forum Dr. Shelby Ellison July 23 rd , 2019. Overview. History Botany Cultivation Grain/Fiber CBD UW Madison Research. Definition of Industrial Hemp. THC 0.3% or below Can be grown for: Grain Fiber Cannabinoids such as CBD.

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Hemp 101

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  1. Hemp 101 WBA Hemp as is Happens Forum Dr. Shelby Ellison July 23rd, 2019

  2. Overview • History • Botany • Cultivation • Grain/Fiber • CBD • UW Madison Research

  3. Definition of Industrial Hemp • THC 0.3% or below • Can be grown for: • Grain • Fiber • Cannabinoids such as CBD https://citizentruth.org/hemp-vs-marijuana-whats-the-difference/

  4. History of Hemp • Hemp was probably the earliest plant cultivated for textile fiber • Archaeologists found a remnant of hemp cloth in ancient Mesopotamia (currently Iran and Iraq) which dates back to 8,000 BC • It is believed that hemp made it to Europe in approximately 1,200 BC • Cannabis/Hemp came to Americas after 1492

  5. History of Hemp • 1776 – Colonial Virginian farmers are able to pay taxes to the government in hemp • 1900-1920 Mexican immigrants bring recreational marijuana use to US • Associated with fear/prejudice toward new immigrants • 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act destroys the domestic hemp trade • Possession legal only by those paying tax for authorized medical and industrial uses • 1942 WWII shortages in fiber cause US hemp production to ramp up again • Wisconsin leader in production

  6. History of Hemp • 1970 Federal Controlled Substances Act • Marijuana provisionally designated as Schedule 1 drug in 1971 • 1998 Industrial hemp legalized in Canada • 2014 Obama signs farm bill legalizing research hemp farms • 2018 Sen. Mitch McConnell signs farm bill with hemp pen re-legalizing industrial hemp in United States

  7. Cannabis sativa L. • Erect, bushy, annual herb • Seed to seed in one year • Dioecious • Males and female flowers are typically on separate plants • Wind pollinated • Photoperiod sensitive • Vegetative >14 hours of light • Reproductive <14 hours of light

  8. Cannabis sativa anatomy Female flower Male flower Pistil is the female reproductive structure Stigma catches pollen Stamens are the male reproductive structure Anthers (bananas) release pollen

  9. Cannabis sativa reproduction • Seed • Sexual reproduction • Need males and females • Cloning • Asexual reproduction • Take cuttings from desired “mother” plant • Rooting hormone • Roots form in ~10 days

  10. Hemp Uses - Fiber Hurd Bast • Hurd • Animal bedding, mulch, chemical absorbent, fiberboard, insulation, and concrete • Bast fiber • Cordage/rope, netting, canvas, biocomposite, non-wovens, clothes, shoes and bags • Stalk • Biofuel/ethanol, paper products, cardboard and fibers http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/fibre-production/types-of-hemp-fibre

  11. Hemp Uses - Grain • Nut • Bread, granola/cereal, milk/dairy products, protein powder • Oil • Fuel, lubricants, ink, varnish, paint, dressings, margarine, body products, and cosmetics • Cake • Animal food and flour

  12. Hemp Uses - CBD • Mode of action only partially understood • CBD medications being studied for • Pediatric epilepsy • Epidiolex recently FDA approved • Inflammation • Psychiatric conditions • Anxiety • Psychosis • Addiction

  13. CBD Products • Oils • Topicals • Tinctures • Smokable flower https://coloradocannabistours.com/guides/hemp-cbd-uses-benefits/

  14. Hemp Cultivation – Fiber and Grain Photo courtesy of Minnesota Hemp Farms

  15. Field Selection • Well-drained fields that do not stay saturated after rains are ideal • Silty loam or well irrigated sand, not heavy clay • Choose fields with the lowest weed pressure and highest fertility

  16. Field Preparation • No herbicides are labeled/allowed for hemp • Tillage is most common method of weed control • Herbicide Rotation Restrictions before planting industrial hemp • What was sprayed last year matters

  17. Planting • Soil temperatures of >50°F for rapid germination and emergence • Grain drills are recommended • Seeding depth is targeted at ½ inch • 50lb bags of male and female seeds • ~$200 per 50lb bag • Seeding rates range from 25-35 pounds/acre

  18. Fertility and water requirements • Fertility • Nitrogen 60-100lbs acre-1 • Phosphorus 40-70lbs acre-1 • Potassium 40-80lbs acre-1 • Water • Loves water but does not like to stay wet • Higher yields with irrigation

  19. Grain Harvest • Harvest begins approximately 100-120 days after planting (September-October) • Grain moisture at harvest should be 12-18% • Range: 600-2000 pounds/acre • Conventional: 1200-1400 pounds/acre • Organic: 600-800 pounds/acre https://hemp.cals.cornell.edu/media/

  20. Mow Fiber Harvest • Fiber harvested after a grain crop should be cut 1-2 days after harvest or preferably the following spring • Field rhetting • Controlled rotting facilitating separation of the fiber from the stem • Fiber should be baled in large square bales at 15% moisture or less • Typical fiber yields after a grain crop is 1-3 tons/acre Rhetting Baling http://www.hemptrade.ca/eguide/fibre-production/salvaging-hemp-fibre

  21. Hemp Cultivation - CBD

  22. What is Cannabidiol (CBD)? • 8 Major Cannabinoid Acids Naturally Produced by Cannabis CBGA (Cannabigerolic acid) THCA (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) CBCA (Cannabichromenenic acid) CBGVA (Cannabigerovarinic acid) THCVA (Tetrahydrocanabivarinic acid) CBDVA (Cannabidivarinic acid) CBCVA (Cannabichromevarinic acid) THCA and CBDA are usually the most abundant cannabinoids in Cannabis varieties.

  23. CBGA THCA CBDA Heat CBD THC

  24. The Endocannabinoid System • Endo = within body • Cannabinoids = class of molecules that activate system • Endocannabinoids • Phytocannabinoids • Endocannabinoid system (ECS) • Endocannabinoids • Cannabinoid receptors • Enzymes that break down endocannabinoids

  25. How does CBD work? • CBD interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system • Almost every organ of your body contains cannabinoid receptors • Particularly in brain and central nervous system. • The endocannabinoid system regulates homeostasis • Sleep • Appetite, digestion, hunger • Mood • Motor control • Immune function • Reproduction & fertility • Pleasure & reward • Pain • Memory • Temperature regulation

  26. How does CBD work? • The human body has two primary cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) • Unlike THC, CBD does not directly bind to these receptors. • This is why CBD does not cause any psychoactive effect • CBD inhibits the break down of endocannabinoids, leading to an increase in your body’s naturally-produced cannabinoids. *Leafly

  27. Where does CBD come from? • The highest concentrations of CBDA are found on trichomes of an unpollinated female flower • Trichomes are glandular hairs found on the surface of plants • Trichomes also produce terpenes and flavonoids which contribute to a plant’s aroma and flavor profile

  28. Where does CBD come from? • The highest concentrations of CBDA are found on trichomes of an unpollinated female flower • Trichomes are glandular hairs found on the surface of plants • Trichomes also produce terpenes and flavonoids which contribute to a plant’s aroma and flavor profile No males allowed

  29. Planting Materials - Clones • Directly cut from a female mother plant • Genetically identical • Guaranteed females (hopefully) • Need to be hardened off PC: Forrest Woolery

  30. Planting Materials - Seed • Typically more hearty than clones • Non-feminized means will have both males and females, in which case you’ll need to get rid of the males • A lot of beginning growers start with feminized seeds • More expensive • Less labor intensive • Start in greenhouse and transplant

  31. Certificate of Analysis

  32. Planting: Time of year • Transplants – clones or seedlings • No longer than 4 weeks in greenhouse • Can start in late May- through mid June • Planted into July this year due to rain • Day length sensitivity • Will start to flower at <14 hours of light, want good vegetative growth to support flowering

  33. Planting: Types of soil • Non-marginal land • Well drained – does not like excessive moisture • Loamy • Deep tap root will help stabilize, clay or compaction hard on roots • Nutrient heavy – soils that can hold nutrients but not bind them • pH 5.9- 6.5 up to 7.5

  34. Field Prep - Tillage • No till • Plant into strips of clover, rye, green mats • Tilled soil with cover planted at same time • Black plastic • Do not recommend straw due to moisture and mold

  35. Field Prep-Fertility • High nutrient use crop • 100-120 N lbs/acre at planting • Nitrogen:Phosphorus:Potassium (2:1:2) • Additional N approx. month later, before flowering (50 lbs/acre)

  36. Planting: Spacing • Transplants – 3x3ft all the way to 6x6ft • 1,500 to 4,000 plants an acre • $1-$2 per seed • $4-$8 per clone • $1,500-$32,000 per acre

  37. Planting: Equipment • Transplant into prepped beds, plastic beds, or no-till cover • Water wheel • Closing wheel transplanter • 4 wheel tobacco setter

  38. Water Management • Drip tape • Linear or center pivot irrigation • Traveling gun

  39. Managing males • Non-feminized seed – 50/50 • Need to be on constant lookout for males • Remove as soon as possible • Pollen is incredibly prolific • Experts recommend 3-15 miles between CBD hemp and fiber/grain hemp

  40. Determining sex • Cannabis plants have pre-flowers at their nodes (where leaves and branches extend from the stalk) • By the sixth week, you should be able to find the pre-flowers and confidently determine the sex of your plant • Remove male plants as well as hermaphroditic plants that show both sex types

  41. Female and male pre-flowers Male pre-flower Female pre-flower

  42. Weed Management • No labeled herbicides or pesticides • Black plastic • Cover crop – clover, rye • Large enough spacing to mow • Row cultivation or hoes

  43. Pest Management - Insects • Aphids, mites, thrips • Insects that chew leaves of the plant (defoliators) – caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, cutworms • Stalk borers- European corn borer, Eurasian hemp borer • Corn earworm Cannabis aphid Eurasian hemp borer

  44. Pest Management - Insects • Biopesticides, soaps, and oils • Monitor visually and with sticky traps • Prune infested plants • Caterpillars, etc. removed by hand picking • Insectary plants grown around the perimeter can provide beneficial insects – green lacewings, syrphid flies, collops beetle, damsel bugs

  45. Pest Management - Disease • Midwest is more humid than west • Powdery mildew (Podosphaeramacularis) • Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) • Botryis– “bud rot”, inside flowers causing rot from inside out • Alternaria • Fusarium • Sclerotinia Gray Mold Powdery Mildew https://www.blueskyorganics.com/growing-science/top-five-cannabis-diseases/

  46. Pest Management - Disease • May respond to oils, potassium bicarbonate, potassium phosphate • Spacing • Drip irrigation – less splash

  47. Pest Management - Vertebrates • Deer, humans, rabbits, mice, moles • Fences and other barriers • Traps • Cameras • Signs https://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/its-not-easy-being-a-hemp-farmer.html

  48. Harvest - Cannabinoid Testing • High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) • Cannabis flower is dried and mixed with a solvent to extract cannabinoids • The solvent is pumped through a column that separates the cannabinoids based on their chemical properties

  49. Harvest - Cannabinoid Testing • Cannabinoids that are attracted to the material inside the column will travel slower and reach the detector at the end of the column later • The detected compounds are quantified  • DATCP calculates Total THC as delta9‐THC + (THCA *0.877); round down so 0.399 => 0.3% https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/liquid-chromatography/cannabis-analyzer.html

  50. CBD Harvest • Timing • Mid Sept – Mid October • Hand Harvest • Biomass – stems, leaves, flower buds – least labor intensive, least CBD • Flower – medium labor, high CBD • Trimmed flower – most labor, high CBD • Machinery – Debudders/Buckers

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