Imperialism

1. Imperialism A Brief History

4. Imperialism • Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker power or region and dominates its economic, political, and/or cultural life.

5. Imperialism Causes • Nationalism • Colonialism • Industrialization • Capitalism • Mercantilism • Social Darwinism • Racism

6. Nationalism • Powerful 19th century trend • Romantic feeling or sense of identity with one’s nation • Usually based on uniformity • Ethnicity • Language • Geography • Common culture

7. Colonialism • Extension of a nation’s sovereignty over a foreign power through permanent settlements • Examples: France, England and Spain in North America; England in India; Dutch in South Africa

8. Industrialization • A product of England’s 19th century Industrial Revolution in which Europe became more urbanized and relied on factories for production • Inventions: steam engine, spinning jenny, cotton gin, bicycle, locomotive, steel (late 19th c.) • Europeans wanted cheap natural resources to fuel economic growth…they found these overseas…

9. Capitalism • Economic system in which the means of production are controlled by private enterprises • Opposite is socialism • What nations have capitalism? • How would capitalism relate to imperialism?

10. Mercantilism • A source of economic regulation in which nation’s selected a variable (such as gold) to gauge wealth and trade • Led to bullionism—the use of metals to regulate the value of a nation’s currency

11. Social Darwinism

12. Racism • Discrimination or hatred on the basis of the supremacy of one race over another • Imperial Examples • Apartheid • Racial classifications (i.e. Hutu/Tutsi) • Racial caricatures • Segregation • Slavery

13. Colonialism 1900

14. Africa • Belgian Congo (Congo Free State) • King Leopold • Berlin Act 1885 • Michelin • South Africa • Settled by Dutch (Afrikaners) in 1600s • Instituted racial policies • Lost to Britain in Boer War 1898-1899 • Legacy of Apartheid

15. Africa Continued • Sudan • Settled by British • Resisted British and Egyptian rule • Defeated by both and used for natural resources • Rwanda • Ruled by Belgium • Created racial distinctions between Hutus nad Tutsis

16. Asia • Examine the image • Describe the scene • What time period is this from? What led you to your conclusion? • What is taking place? Describe the clues that led you to that conclusion. • Who do you suppose is present?

17. China • In isolation for much of the 18th century • Fights Great Britain in the Opium War (1839) • 1856 2nd Opium War • Treaty opens ports to foreign powers • Missionaries allowed to promote Christianity • 1895 China loses Korea to Japan • China descends in colonial rule until 1946

18. This British cartoon shows backward Chinese blocking "Progress" only ten years after the "Opium War" when the British government used troops and gunboats to force the Chinese to accept illegal opium trafficking.

19. India • 18th Century British East India Company moves into India • Great Britain takes control of Company and defeats Mughal Empire in Sikh Wars • 1870 Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India • British feel they can civilize Indians

20. Latin America • Spain dominates most of Latin America until the 1830s • U.S. proclaims Latin America it’s “Sphere of Influence” in 1820 • Mexico ruled by Spain until 1821 • Attacked by France, England and Spain in 1862 • Europeans wanted to collect debts

21. Sources

22. "YOU CLEAR OUT! SHE'S MY 'MASH!'" Now then, young Obstructive, still playing the sentry, Where nobody wants you to watch or mount guard? Are you to rule everyone's exit and entry? Clear out, my young friend, or with you 'twill go hard. You Portuguese Tappertit, turn it up, do! D'ye think I'll be stopped by a monkey like you? My Mash, that young woman! Will you bar our meeting? We're sweethearts. Will you interfere with our tryst? You pert whippersnapper, my sable-skinned sweeting My masculine wooing's too wise to resist. Shall RHODES be cut out by a small Portuguese, With a gun and a swagger? Pooh! Fiddle-de-dee! We've put up too long with your pranks, my fine fellow, Because of your size, upon which you presume. Oh, it's no use to twirl your moustache and look yellow! Mean having that gal, howsoever you fume. You'd better behave yourself, boy, or no doubt Before very long we shall clean you right out. Look at home, keep your own ways a little bit clearer, And don't go a-blocking up other folks' roads. Eh? You warn me off her? I mustn't come nearer? Ha, ha! My good-nature your impudence goads. Clear out, whilst you're safe, you young shrimp! Don't be rash! For I shan't let you come between me and my Mash!

24. White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man's burden--No tawdry rule of kings,But toil of serf and sweeper--The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter,The roads ye shall not tread,Go mark them with your living,And mark them with your dead. Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?"Take up the White Man's burden--Ye dare not stoop to less--Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloke your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper,By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you. Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain. Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.

26. King Leopold 1890 History teaches that countries with small territories have a moral and material interest in extending their influence beyond their narrow borders. Greece founded opulent cities, bastions of arts and civilization, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Later, Venice built its grandeur on its maritime and commercial relations no less than on its political success. The Netherlands have 30 million subjects in the Indies who exchange tropical products for the products of the mother country. It is in serving the cause of humanity and progress that peoples of the second rank appear as useful members of the great family of nations. A manufacturing and commercial nation like ours, more than any other, must do its best to secure opportunities for all its workers, whether intellectual, capitalist, or manual. These patriotic preoccupations dominated my life. It is they that caused the creation of the African effort. Excerpts from a letter to Minister Beernaert of the Congo

27. Excerpts from a Typical Royal Niger Company Treaty 1880s • We, the undersigned Chiefs of . . . . . . . , with the view of bettering the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the Royal Niger Company (Chartered and Limited), for ever, the whole of our territory extending from .................... • We also give to the said Royal Niger Company (Chartered and Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said Royal Niger Company (Chartered and Limited). • We understand that the said Royal Niger Company (Chartered and Limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our country. • We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse[i.e., transactions or communications] with any strangers or foreigners except through the said Royal Niger Company (Chartered and Limited).

28. U.S. was there too!