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Cell Structure & Function

Explore the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of organelles, boundaries, energy-producing structures, transport mechanisms, and cellular framework. Learn how these fundamental structures contribute to the functionality of the cell.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function Sections 7-2 and 7-3

  2. Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote • eukaryotes: organisms whose cells contain a nucleus • prokaryotes: organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

  3. a tiny structure that performs a specialized function in the cell area between the nucleus and the cell membrane where the organelles are found Organelle Cytoplasm

  4. yes no Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Nucleus? Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  5. yes yes Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Cell Membrane? Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  6. yes yes Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Cytoplasm? Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  7. yes no Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Organelles? Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  8. both unicellular Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Unicellular or Multicellular? Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  9. plants, animals, fungi, protists bacteria Comparing Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells Examples Eurkaryotic Prokaryotic

  10. A. Boundary Structures • Cell Wall • Location: outside the cell membrane • Function: helps to protect & support the cell

  11. A. Boundary Structures • Cell Wall • found in cells of plants, algae, and some bacteria • made of cellulose and lignin

  12. A. Boundary Structures • Cell Membrane • Function: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Also aids in protection and support of the cell. • Made of lipids with associated proteins and carbohydrates.

  13. Structure of the Cell Membrane

  14. B. Nucleus • organelle that controls the cell’s activities and contains DNA • Nuclear envelope (membrane): two membranes that form the boundary around the nucleus

  15. B. Nucleus • Nucleolus: • where ribosomes are made • made of RNA and proteins • Chromatin: • DNA bound to protein • Spread throughout the nucleus • Chromosomes: • Distinct structures in nucleus that contain the genetic info that must be passed to each new generation of cells

  16. C. Energy Producing Organelles Mitochondria • change the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use • have a degree of independence from the rest of the cell

  17. C. Energy Producing Organelles Chloroplasts • trap the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy • found only in plant cells & algae • have a degree of independence from the rest of the cell

  18. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Ribosomes • structures in which proteins are made • composed of RNA & protein • some are attached to membranes (rough ER); others are free in the cytoplasm

  19. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Endoplasmic Reticulum (er) • complex network of sacs that transport materials in the cell • 2 types: • smooth er • rough er

  20. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Smooth er • walls of the sacs look smooth • stores special chemicals and enzymes

  21. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Rough er • involved in synthesis of proteins • has ribosomes stuck to surface (make it look “rough”) • chemically modifies proteins

  22. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Golgi apparatus (body) • looks like a flattened stack of membranes (pancakes) • modifies, collects, packages, & distributes molecules made at one location of the cell and used at another

  23. Golgi apparatus

  24. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Lysosomes • contain chemicals & enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell • the “clean-up crew” • not in plant cells

  25. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Vacuoles • saclike storage structures • store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • plants have a large central vacuole to store excess water

  26. D. Transport/Homeostasis • Plastids • store food and pigments • 3 examples • chloroplasts: store chlorophyll • leukoplasts: store starch • chromoplasts: store pigment molecules

  27. E. Framework • Cytoskeleton • variety of filaments and fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement • composed of microtubules and microfilaments

  28. Cytoskeleton

  29. E. Framework • Microtubules • hollow tubes • aid in support and movement • Cilia: short, thread-like • Flagella: long, whip-like • Centrioles • Located near the nucleus • Help organize cell division • Not found in plant cells

  30. E. Framework • Microfilaments • long, thin fibers • movement & support • movement of cytoplasm

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