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Body Organization and Homeostasis in Human Anatomy

Explore the study of the human body's structure and function, from cells to organ systems. Learn about basic reference systems, structural units like tissues and organs, and the importance of homeostasis in maintaining internal balance.

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Body Organization and Homeostasis in Human Anatomy

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  1. Chapter 1 The Human Body

  2. Introduction • Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body • Physiology: the study of the function of the body parts • Pathology: the study of the disease of the body • Basic reference systems • Directions, planes, cavities, structural units

  3. Terms of Direction

  4. Terms of Direction (cont’d.)

  5. Planes

  6. Planes (cont’d.)

  7. Cavities

  8. Cavities (cont’d.) • Dorsal • Cranial, spinal • Ventral • Thoracic, abdominopelvic • Parietal: walls of a cavity • Visceral: covering on an organ

  9. Cavities (cont’d.)

  10. Structural Units

  11. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Cells • Smallest units of life • Perform all activities necessary to maintain life • Metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction

  12. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Tissues • Made up of different types of cells • Epithelial: covers and protects • Connective: binds and supports other tissues • Muscle: movement • Nervous: connects sensory structures to motor structures

  13. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Organs • Cells integrated into tissues • Serve a common function • Examples • Liver • Stomach • System is a group of organs

  14. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Integumentary system • Organs • Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands • Functions • Protection, insulation, regulation of water and temperature

  15. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Skeletal system • Organs • Bones, cartilage, membranous structures • Functions • Movement, blood production, fat and mineral storage, protection

  16. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Muscular system • Organs • Muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae • Functions • Movement, pushing food and blood, contracting heart

  17. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Nervous system • Organs • Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves, sensory and motor structures • Function • Control and regulation, interpreting stimuli

  18. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Endocrine system • Organs • Endocrine glands • Function • Works with nervous system to regulate chemical aspects of the body

  19. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Cardiovascular system • Organs • Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries • Function • Transport substances to and from cells

  20. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Lymphatic/immune system • Organs • Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus gland, spleen • Functions • Drains tissues of excess fluids, transports fats, develops immunities

  21. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Respiratory system • Organs • Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Function • O2 > CO2 exchange in the blood

  22. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Digestive system • Organs • Alimentary canal: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus • Associated glands: salivary, liver, pancreas • Functions • Convert food into absorbable substances, eliminates wastes

  23. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Urinary system • Organs • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra • Functions • Chemical regulation of blood • Formation and elimination of urine • Maintenance of homeostasis

  24. Structural Units (cont’d.) • Reproductive system • Organs • Women: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina • Men: testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, urethra • Functions • Maintains sexual characteristics and perpetuates the species

  25. Homeostasis

  26. Homeostasis (cont’d.) • Maintenance of the body’s internal environment • Within varying narrow limits • Negative feedback loop • Examples • Blood sugar levels • Body temperature

  27. Homeostasis (cont’d.) • Blood glucose • Levels rise dramatically after meal • Cells take in glucose • Pancreas secretes insulin • Moves glucose into liver for storage as glycogen • Between meals, pancreas secretes glucagon • Turns glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood • Thus, glucose levels remain nearly constant

  28. Homeostasis (cont’d.) • Body temperature • Hypothalamus detects increase in body temperature • Causes sweating • Water evaporates and body is cooled • Blood vessels dilate to bring blood near body surface

  29. Homeostasis (cont’d.) • Body monitors deviations in homeostasis • Negative feedback loop • Responses that revise disturbances to body’s condition • Positive feedback • Increase in function in response to stimulus • Uterine contractions during labor • Organ systems help control internal environment

  30. Summary • Discussed the four basic reference systems of body organization (directions, planes, cavities, and structural units) • Discussed organization of the body into different structural levels (cells, tissues, organs, systems, human organism) • Discussed homeostasis and mechanisms for maintaining it

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