GENETICS REVIEW APRIL 26, 2012

1. GENETICS REVIEW APRIL 26, 2012

2. If 15% of a DNA sample is made up of thymine, T, what percentage of the sample is made up of cytosine, C? (1) 15% (3) 70% (2) 35% (4) 85% 1 2 3 4

3. The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories. This technique is a type of (1) chromatography (2) gel electrophoresis (3) direct harvesting (4) genetic engineering 1 2 3 4

4. A characteristic that an organism exhibits during its lifetime will only be passed on in species if the characteristic (1) results from isolation of the organism from the rest of the population (2) is due to a genetic code that is present in the gametes of the organism (3) decreases the number of genes in the body cells of the organism (4) causes a change in the environment surrounding the organism 1 2 3 4

5. Stem Cells If skin is cut, the wound closes within days. If a leg is broken, the fracture will usually mend if the bone is set correctly. Almost all human tissue can repair itself to some extent. Much of this repair is due to the activity of stem cells. These cells resemble those of a developing embryo in their ability to reproduce repeatedly, forming exact copies of themselves. They may also form many other different kinds of cells. Stem cells in bone marrow offer a dramatic example. They can give rise to all of the structures in the blood: red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells. Other stem cells may produce the various components of the skin, liver, or intestinal lining. The brain of an adult human can sometimes compensate for damage by making new connections among surviving nerve cells (neurons). For many years, most biologists believed that the brain could not repair itself because it lacked stem cells that would produce new neurons. A recent discovery, however, indicates that a mature human brain does produce neurons routinely at one site, the hippocampus, an area important to memory and learning. This discovery raises the prospect that stem cells that make new neurons in one part of the brain might be found in other areas. If investigators can learn how to cause existing stem cells to produce useful numbers of functional nerve cells, it might be possible to correct a number of disorders involving damage to neurons such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and brain injuries.

6. What is the process by which stem cells produce exact copies of themselves? (1) cell division by mitosis (2) cell division by meiosis (3) sexual reproduction (4) glucose synthesis 1 2 3 4

7. “Dolly” is a sheep developed from an egg cell of her mother that had its nucleus replaced by a nucleus from a body cell of her mother. As a result of this technique, Dolly is (1) no longer able to reproduce (2) genetically identical to her mother (3) able to have a longer lifespan (4) unable to mate 1 2 3 4

8. Cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes were contributed by each parent of the fruit fly? (1) 8 (3) 16 (2) 2 (4) 4 1 2 3 4

9. To determine the identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes request DNA tests. These tests involve comparing DNA samples from the child to DNA samples taken from the likely parents. Possible relationships may be determined from these tests because the (1) base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of the offspring (2) DNA of parents and their offspring is more similar than the DNA of nonfamily members (3) position of the genes on each chromosome is unique to each family (4) mutation rate is the same in closely related Individuals 1 2 3 4

10. The diagrams below represent portions of the genes that code for wing structure in two organisms of the same species. Gene 1 was taken from the cells of a female with normal wings, and gene 2 was taken from the cells of a female with abnormal wings. • The abnormal wing structure was most likely due to • an insertion • a deletion • (3) a substitution • (4) Normal replication 1 2 3 4

11. In the United States, there has been relatively little experimentation involving the insertion of genes from other species into human DNA. One reason for the lack of these experiments is that (1) the subunits of human DNA are different from the DNA subunits of other species (2) there are many ethical questions to be answered before inserting foreign genes into human DNA (3) inserting foreign DNA into human DNA would require using techniques completely different from those used to insert foreign DNA into the DNA of other mammals (4) human DNA always promotes human survival, so there is no need to alter it 1 2 3 4

12. The diagram below represents the cloning of a carrot plant. Compared to each cell of the original carrot plant, each cell of the new plant will have (1) the same number of chromosomes and the same types of genes (2) the same number of chromosomes, but different types of genes (3) half the number of chromosomes and the same types of genes (4) half the number of chromosomes, but different types of genes 1 2 3 4

13. For centuries, certain animals have been crossed to produce offspring that have desirable qualities. • Dogs have been mated to produce Labradors, beagles, and poodles. All of these dogs look and behave very differently from one another. This technique of producing organisms with specific qualities is known as • gene replication (3) random mutation • (2) natural selection (4) selective breeding 1 2 3 4

14. At warm temperatures, a certain bread mold can often be seen growing on bread as a dark-colored mass. The same bread mold growing on bread in a cooler environment is red in color. Which statement most accurately describes why this change in the color of the bread mold occurs? (1) Gene expression can be modified by interactions with the environment. (2) Every organism has a different set of coded instructions. (3) The DNA was altered in response to an environmental condition. (4) There is no replication of genetic material in the cooler environment. 1 2 3 4

15. A pattern of reproduction and growth in a one celled organism is shown below. Which statement best describes this pattern of reproduction? (1) All genetic material comes from one parent. (2) Only some of the genetic material comes from one parent. (3) The size of the parent determines the amount of genetic material. (4) The size of the parent determines the source of the genetic material. 1 2 3 4

16. The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using (1) a scalpel (3) hormones (2) electrophoresis (4) enzymes 1 2 3 4

17. Which statement best describes a population of organisms if cloning is the only method used to reproduce this population? (1) The population would be more likely to adapt to a changing environment. (2) There would be little chance for variation within the population. (3) The population would evolve rapidly. (4) The mutation rate in the population would be rapid. 1 2 3 4

18. In all organisms, the coded instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are directly determined by the arrangement of the (1) twenty kinds of amino acids in each protein (2) twenty-three pairs of genes on each chromosome (3) strands of simple sugars in certain carbohydrate molecules (4) four types of molecular bases in the genes 1 2 3 4

19. Which process usually results in offspring that exhibit new genetic variations? 1 2 3 4

20. Even though identical twins have the same genetic material, they may develop slightly different characteristics because (1) each twin receives different chromosomes from the egg (2) one twin may only have genes from the father (3) gene expression may be influenced by factors that switch genes on and off (4) a gene mutation may have occurred before the zygote divided 1 2 3 4

21. The diagram below illustrates asexual reproduction in yeast. Yeast produce offspring that usually have (1) genes that are different from those of the parent (2) genes that are identical to those of the parent (3) half of the genetic information of the parent (4) organelles that are not found in the parent 1 2 3 4

22. The molecule represented below is found in living things. Which statement describes one characteristic of this molecule? (1) It is the template for the replication of genetic information. (2) Organic catalysts are made up of these molecules. (3) It is different in each cell of an organism. (4) Cell membranes contain many of these molecules. 1 2 3 4

23. If a chemical that interrupts cell division is added to a culture of human liver tissue, which process would stop? (1) meiosis (2) mitosis (3) breakdown of glucose (4) diffusion of nutrients 1 2 3 4

24. Researchers have found that formaldehyde and asbestos can alter DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of these chemicals has been greatly reduced because they (1) may act as fertilizers, increasing the growth of algae in ponds (2) have been replaced by more toxic compounds (3) are capable of causing mutations in humans (4) interfere with the production of antibiotics by white blood cells 1 2 3 4

25. The shape of a protein is most directly determined by the (1) amount of energy available for synthesis of the protein (2) kind and sequence of amino acids in the protein (3) type and number of DNA molecules in a cell (4) mistakes made when the DNA is copied 1 2 3 4

26. If a gene is inserted into the DNA of a bacterial cell, every cell produced by that cell will have (1) DNA that is different from that of the other cells produced (2) a 50% chance of having a copy of the inserted gene (3) a copy of the inserted gene (4) a new type of DNA base 1 2 3 4

27. A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of (1) an inherited disorder (2) environmental influence on gene expression (3) expression of a hidden trait (4) a characteristic controlled by more than one pair of genes 1 2 3 4

28. The sickle-cell trait is an inherited condition resulting from the presence of abnormal molecules of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. A person with the sickle-cell trait may have a child with the same condition because the child receives from the parent (1) abnormal red blood cells (2) abnormal hemoglobin molecules (3) a code for the production of abnormal hemoglobin (4) a code for the production of abnormal amino Acids 1 2 3 4

29. The sorting and recombining of genes during meiosis and fertilization usually leads to the production of (1) gametes with many copies of the same chromosome (2) embryos with traits identical to those of all other members of the species (3) zygotes with the genetic information to produce only females (4) offspring with some traits that did not appear in their parents 1 2 3 4

30. Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in a squirrel? (1) The squirrel stops using its claws for digging. (2) The squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days. (3) Oak trees gradually become less common. (4) The weather becomes wetter for a short period of time. 1 2 3 4

31. In some cases, humans have chosen to mate certain individual farm animals within a species. For example, by allowing only the largest cattle to reproduce over many generations, strains of very large cattle have been produced. This process is known as (1) natural selection (2) direct harvesting (3) selective breeding (4) dynamic equilibrium 1 2 3 4

32. The diagram below represents a technique currently used by scientists in the field of biotechnology. Which statement describes a possible outcome of this technique? (1) The bacterium is able to produce a human hormone. (2) It allows the bacterium to grow in humans, since it contains a human gene. (3) It allows humans to become immune to an infection from this type of bacteria. (4) The bacterium can now produce human cells identical to cells of the DNA donor. 1 2 3 4

33. In some people, the lack of a particular enzyme causes a disease. Scientists are attempting to use bacteria to produce this enzyme for the treatment of people with the disease. Which row in the chart below best describes the sequence of steps the scientists would most likely follow? 1 2 3 4

34. The diagram below represents the process used in 1996 to clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly. Which statement concerning Dolly is correct? Which statement concerning Dolly is correct? (1) Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce Dolly. (2) The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep A. (3) Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA. (4) Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C. 1 2 3 4

35. This is the End of this review! Do it again to be ready for your test

36. CORRECT

37. SORRY THAT ANSWER IS NOT CORRECT TRY AGAIN