General Biology Chapter 11 Gene Technology

1. General BiologyChapter 11Gene Technology

2. Genetic Engineering • Recombinant DNA is made when a DNA fragment is put into the DNA of a vector • Gel electrophroesis separates DNA fragments by their size and shape • The goal of the Human Genome project is to construct maps of the human chromosomes and determine the DNA sequences of Human chromosomes.

3. Genetic Engineering • DNA fingerprint analysis can be used to determine whether two individuals are related • DNA fingerprinting enables genetic engineers to arrange genes in a particular order on a chromosomes. • Genetic engineering techniques can be used to make crops resistance to destructive insects. • Dairy cattle will produce more milk when genetically engineered growth hormone is added to their food • A transgenic animal is an animal with foreign DNA in its cells

4. Genetic Engineering • A strand of DNA formed by the spicing of DNA from two different species is called? Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA moleculesfrom two different species. • Cleaving DNA with a restriction enzymes. Recombining pieces of DNA from different species, cloning and screening target cellsare all usual steps in a genetic engineer experiment

5. Genetic Engineering • Refers to the process of moving genes from a chromosomes of one organisms to a chromosome of a different organism • The use of genetic engineering to transfer human genes into bacteria allows the bacteria to produce human proteins

6. Genetic Engineering • Restriction Enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific places • Restriction Enzymes-Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA segments in order to obtain a large number of identical cells

7. Genetic Engineering • Southern Blot – technique that uses radioactively labeled DNA to identify specific genes in a piece of DNA • Gel electrophoresis-a techniques used to separate molecules in a mixture by subjecting them to an electrical field within a gel

8. Genetic Engineering • Generic engineering : human health:: • Human insulin : diabetes patients • The following are medical conditions that can be treated by using proteins produced through genetic engineering • Diabetes • hemophilia • ovarian cancer

9. Genetic engineering • The following are examples of gene technology used in farming • Use of cow growth hormone produced by bacteria to increase milk production in cows • The development of larger and faster-growing breeds of livestock • The addition of human genes to farm-animal genes to obtain milk containing human proteins

10. Genetic Engineering • The Goal of the Human Genome project is to- create maps showing where genes are located on human chromosomes • DNA fingerprinting has been used in criminal investigations because- DNA analysis allows investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals, who are unlikely to have the same DNA

11. Genetic Engineering • Human Genome Project -name of the scientific program that has worked to construct maps of human chromosomes and determine the DNA sequence of those chromosomes • Human genome -The entire collection of genes within the cells of a human

12. Genetic Engineering • Recombinant DNA is formed by the joining of DNA molecules from two different species • Antibodies- help destroy microbes that invade the body ( only effective against bacteria) • Insulin – protein produced by genetic engineering to treat diabetes

13. Plasmids • Plasmids-are small circular formsof bacterial DNAmolecules thatcanreplicateindependently of the main bacterial chromosomes • Are often used as vectors in geneticengineering experiments • Vector –agent used to carry a DNA fragment isolated from one cell into another cell.

14. Cloning • Process by which manyidentical cellsmay be produced. • Gene Cloning – process by which a foreign gene is replicated by insertion into a bacterium • Cloning – process of allowing cells to reproduce in order to obtain a large number of identical cells • Large number of genetically identical organisms produces a new DNA segment are called - CLONES