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KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints (DNA testing) identify living organisms at the molecular level.

(mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father). KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints (DNA testing) identify living organisms at the molecular level. DNA Testing. Human Genome. About 20% genes (code for proteins). About 80% junk (code for nothing or unknown…). Highly repetitive nucleotides.

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KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints (DNA testing) identify living organisms at the molecular level.

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  1. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father) KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints (DNA testing) identify living organisms at the molecular level.

  2. DNA Testing Human Genome About 20% genes (code for proteins) About 80% junk (code for nothing or unknown…) Highly repetitive nucleotides Random nucleotides

  3. More on DNA testing…. DNA testing uses the repetitive nucleotides because these vary among people.

  4. Procedure • Collect cells • Extract DNA • Sometimes there is very little DNA available. If so, it can be copied or replicated in a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). • Enzymes and a thermocycler (heating/cooling machine) mimic our body’s process of DNA replication.

  5. Procedure continued . . . 3. Add restriction digest (enzyme) which cuts the DNA into fragments at specific places. Example: EcoR1 might cut DNA at every CAT Each person’s DNA will be cut into different sized pieces—some short, some long.

  6. Procedure continued…. 4. Load into gel electrophoresis unit: Positive Negative End End Agarose Gel Wells into which DNA is loaded

  7. Procedure continued…. • Electrical current causes negatively charged DNA pieces to “run” to the positive end. • Larger DNA fragments move slowly • Smaller DNA fragments move quickly 6. When the current is turned off, DNA fragments will stop in different places, creating a “fingerprint.”

  8. Example:

  9. Uses of DNA Testing • Criminal cases • DNA found at crime scenes is matched to suspects • Blood, skin, saliva, hair roots, sperm, bone marrow, etc. • Match plant material at crime scenes to material on suspect • Determine paternity • Determine family relationships • Reunite children with their parents • Confirm family relationships for immigration

  10. More uses of DNA testing…. • Determine relationship of fossils • Studying biodiversity • Relationships between new animal or plant species • Track true “native” species

  11. More uses of DNA testing… • Identify the remains of soldiers • Identify viral or bacterial agents quickly • Track genetically modified crops

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