Freedom of Religion

1. Freedom of Religion

2. Freedom of Religion – 1st Amendment • “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise there of…”

3. 1st and 14th Amendment 2 Guarantees of religious freedom • Prohibits an establishment of religion [ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE] (2) Prohibits any arbitrary interference by government in “the free exercise” of religion [FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE] *But there may be times when the state can limit or interfere with practices that flow from those benefits

4. More on Establishment Clause… NEITHER CAN FORCE NOR INFLUENCE A PERSON TO GO TO OR TO REMAIN AWAY FROM CHURCH AGAINST HIS WILL OR FORCE HIM TO PROFESS A BELIEF OR DISBELIEF IN ANY RELIGION • NEITHER STATE OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CAN SET UP A CHURCH • NEITHER CAN PASS LAW WHICH AIDS ONE RELIGION, AID ALL RELIGIONS, NOR PREFER ONE RELIGION OVER ANOTHER

5. County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989) CASE DETAILS  2 Holiday displays on Pittsburgh public property Angel Banner – “Glory to God in the highest for the birth of Jesus Christ” Christian nativity scene inside the Large Chanukah menorah Allegheny County Courthouse outside the City-County building The ACLU claimed the displays constituted state endorsement of religion. The legality of the Christmas tree display was not considered in this case. “principle or primary effect" of the display was to advance religion

6. U.S. Supreme Court However the combined display with a Christmas tree and a sign saluting liberty did not impermissibly endorse both the Christian and Jewish faiths, but simply recognized that both Christmas and Hanukkah are part of the same winter-holiday season, which, the court found, has attained a secular status in U.S. society. Menorah has become a secular symbol, emblematic of the "winter-holiday season” like the Christmas tree) Angel Banner – “Glory to God in the highest for the birth of Jesus Christ” Court held that the creche inside the courthouse unmistakably endorsed Christianity in violation of the Establishment Clause. By prominently displaying the words, the county sent a clear message that it supported and promoted Christian orthodoxy. (The Court held not all religious celebrations on government property violated the Establishment Clause

7. To judge whether laws or governmental actions are allowable under the Establishment Clause based on the LEMON TEST • Does the challenged law or other governmental action have a bona fide secular (non-religious) or civic purpose? • Does the primary effect of the law or action neither advocate nor inhibit religion (is it neutral)? • Does the law or action avoid excessive entanglement of government with religion? NO NO NO If the answer is yes to all 3, it passes test (if no to any – act is unconstitutional)

8. NOW  US Steel Plaza (Private Property) at 600 Grant Street

10. More on Free Exercise Clause… • RIGHT FOR A PERSON TO BELIEVE WHATEVER HE/SHE CHOOSES TO BELIEVE IN MATTERS OF RELIGION (OR NOT TO BELIEVE) WITHOUT GOVERNMENT COERCION OR CONTROL • Hands off our RELIGION! • BUT NO PERSON HAS ABSOLUTE RIGHT TO ACT AS HE/SHE CHOOSE (MAY INTERVENE OR LIMIT PRACTICES) • EX: CANNOT VIOLATE CRIMINAL LAW; OFFEND PUBLIC MORALS; THREATEN HEALTH, WELFARE, OR SAFETY OF THE COMMUNITY

11. Choose whatever religion Lead a prayer in most examples Ask questions about religions Worship who ever you want Break the law and claim it is religious belief Raise children without education Deprave children of basic needs ** Free Exercise—The personCanCannot

12. Think about this case… Ginger and David Twitchell Son – Robyn  Charged – Invol. Manslaughter: unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought, either express or implied. [Voluntary manslaughter  intention]

13. In schools, the religion issue is most prevalent If a student raises his hand and says “teacher, can we say an opening prayer before this test” If the teacher says: “Yes”, It looks like establishment of religion “No”, It is denying a student free exercise. Establishment and free exercise clause often conflict with each other

14. Teach about religions in school Allow voluntary prayer in many examples Transport students to a religious school Read Bible for culture or literacy content Set a state religion Government cannot order a prayer** Teach religious doctrine in the school Pay seminary teachers Establishment clause-Government and SchoolCansCannot

15. Court reversed previous decision Think about this case Set Up - Minersville School District v. Gobitis 1940 -  U.S. Supreme ruled - public schools could compel students—in this case, Jehovah's Witnesses—to salute the American Flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance despite the students' religious objections to these practices. 

16. For more than 200 years, the 1st amendment has protected religious freedom, including right not to believe • This includes religious expression by students in public schools • Supreme Court has NOT declared that public zones are “religion-free zones” • You [as students] have the right to express religious beliefs while at school as long as you do not coerce others or interfere with the educational process • HOWEVER this does not include the right to have a captive audience for that prayer or to compel other students to participate

17. Engel v. Vitale (1962) Case Details New York – state created an nondenominational prayer Note from Parent – didn’t have to Court Ruled  Violation of Establishment Clause “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country.” Believed that the prayer could be a useful tool for the development of character and good citizenship among the students of the State of New York. The prayer was offered to the school boards in the State for their use, and participation in the “prayer-exercise” was voluntary

18. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Case Details Bible reading and Prayer everyday before school Court Ruled  Violation of Establishment Clause (not maintaining neutrality)

19. State of Wisconsin v. Jonas Yoder, et Al. (1972) Case Details 3 Amish Families – refused to send their 13,14 yr olds to high school Wisconsin Law – had to be in school until they are 16 *totally different env’t – bad influence Court Ruled  Upheld Free Exercise Clause High school env’t way too different (against community standards) .

20. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000) Case Details Varsity Football Games – prayer over the PA system Preacher – Student Catholic/Mormon objected Court Ruled  Violation of Establishment Clause

21. Lee v. Weisman (1992) Case Details  Offering a Prayer as part of a Public School Graduation Ceremony Court Ruled  Government creates a “state-sponsored and state-directed religious exercise in a public school” – Creates a subtle and indirect coercion (students stand and remain silent), forcing students to act in ways which establish a state religion

22. To avoid the violation… • Baccalaureate Service for Seniors • Def: religious graduation tradition that started in England, but in the United States, the term generally refers to a non-denominational ceremony held a few days before high school or college graduation.  ARE not official, school-sponsored events at American public schools • This Year – ______________________. (I.H.S.) • Celebration of Faith • Renamed the event a "Day of Reflection”

24. Your HomeworkFall under: Establishment Clause • Prohibits an establishment of religion Or Free Exercise Clause (2) Prohibits any arbitrary interference by government in “the free exercise” of religion Why? 2-3 sentences

25. 1st and 14th Amendment 2 Guarantees of religious freedom • Prohibits an establishment of religion [ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE] (2) Prohibits any arbitrary interference by government in “the free exercise” of religion [FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE] *But there may be times when the state can limit or interfere with practices that flow from those benefits