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WELCOME SCALAR WAVE LASER SEMINAR

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WELCOME SCALAR WAVE LASER SEMINAR

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    3. My Practice!

    4. Today’s Society Chronic disease is rising Cancer, arthritis, heart disease, diabetes We are not functioning at our peak performance Underlying fact: STRESS, POOR DIET, POOR LYFESTYLE, TOXIC ENVIRONMENT Causes in our body: Free Radical damage, chronic inflammation, cellular/structural degeneration Results in our body: Not functioning at our peak potential Chronic health challenges Not living to our genetic capability

    5. DEFINITION OF LIGHT LIGHT is often described as electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye. HOWEVER, in a technical or scientific context, the word is used to mean electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths. THE PHOTON is the smallest amount of electromagnetic radiation. The photon has a dualistic behaviour, sometimes it behaves as a wave and sometimes as a particle. Because of this, it is often named a “wave particle”

    6. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Many species can see wavelengths that fall outside the "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can see light in the ultraviolet, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light, rather than how colourful they appear to us. Birds too can see into the ultraviolet (300-400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage, which are only visible in the ultraviolet range A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to 750 nm High energy breaks chemical bondsHigh energy breaks chemical bonds

    7. LIGHT THERAPY Electromagnetic Radiation a form of energy carried by waves GAMMA RAYS X RAYS ULTRAVIOLET RAYS VISIBLE LIGHT INFRARED RADIATION MICROWAVES RADAR RADIO WAVES Light carries energy & Energy Cannot Be Created Nor Destroyed ULTRAVIOLET RAYS --- TANNING VISIBLE LIGHT --- WHAT WE SEE INFRARED RADIATION, ---- HEAT ULTRAVIOLET RAYS --- TANNING VISIBLE LIGHT --- WHAT WE SEE INFRARED RADIATION, ---- HEAT

    8. LASER LIGHT THERAPY Current Uses In Medicine LASER HAIR REMOVAL LASER EYE SURGERY LASER SURGERY TYPES OF LASERS 1. Hot laser 2. Cold laser VARIABLES: 1. Intensity 2. frequency 3. Wavelength

    9. ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED

    10. ENERGY PRODUCTION Mitochondria in The Cell This is where the combustion process takes place The power house of the cell Generates most of the cell’s supply of ATP ATP: The body’s “ENERGY CURRENCY” and is absolutely fundamental for the overall function of the body Animals oxidize organic matter to build ATP molecules Plants use solar energy to build ATP

    11. ENERGY PRODUCTION Mitochondria in The Cell

    12. ENERGY PRODUCTION Light donates photons and ACTIVATES CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE

    13. ENERGY PRODUCTION The word LASER is an acronym derived from the sentence: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

    14. ENERGY PRODUCTION RICHEST & MOST DENSE ORGANS WITH MITOCHONDRIA Neural tissue (in the brain) Heart Pancreas Liver

    15. LASER THERAPY (LLLT) Primary effects: ENERGY Secondary effects: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY Tissue Regeneration Pain Reduction Increase Circulation (Microcirculation)

    16. ANTI-INFLAMMATION Laser produces energy Energy produces reactive oxygen species Reactive oxygen species produces inflammatory proteins and chemicals Body responds with anti-inflammatory response Low grade smoldering fire to a self contained large fire that is easily put out. Focuses the body response in the current area.Low grade smoldering fire to a self contained large fire that is easily put out. Focuses the body response in the current area.

    17. ANTI-INFLAMMATION Lasers Surg Med. 2009 Apr;41(4):282-90. Low level light effects on inflammatory cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Yamaura M, Yao M, Yaroslavsky I, Cohen R, Smotrich M, Kochevar IE. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low level light therapy (LLLT) is being evaluated for treating chronic and acute pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of LLLT for pain relief in RA are not clear. The objectives of this study were to determine whether LLLT decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by cells from RA joints, and, if so, to identify cellular mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Synoviocytes from RA patients were treated with 810 nm radiation before or after addition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). mRNA for TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 was measured after 30, 60, and 180 minutes using RT-PCR. Intracellular and extracellular protein levels for 12 cytokines/chemokines were measured at 4, 8, and 24 hours using multiplexed ELISA. NF-kappaB activation was detected using Western blotting to follow degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. RESULTS: Radiation at 810 nm (5 J/cm(2)) given before or after TNF-alpha decreases the mRNA level of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in RA synoviocytes. This treatment using 25 J/cm(2) also decreases the intracellular levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 protein but did not affect the levels of seven other cytokines/chemokines. TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB is not altered by 810 nm radiation using 25 J/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism for relieving joint pain in RA by LLLT may involve reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines produced by synoviocytes. This mechanism may be more general and underlie the beneficial effects of LLLT on other inflammatory conditions.

    18. ANTI-INFLAMMATION Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Acute Low Back Pain with Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Konstantinovic LM, Kanjuh ZM, Milovanovic AN, Cutovic MR, Djurovic AG, Savic VG, Dragin AS, Milovanovic ND. 1 Clinic for Rehabilitation, Medical School , Belgrade, Serbia. Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with acute low back pain (LBP) with radiculopathy. Background Data: Acute LBP with radiculopathy is associated with pain and disability and the important pathogenic role of inflammation. LLLT has shown significant anti-inflammatory effects in many studies. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 546 patients. Group A (182 patients) was treated with nimesulide 200 mg/day and additionally with active LLLT; group B (182 patients) was treated only with nimesulide; and group C (182 patients) was treated with nimesulide and placebo LLLT. LLLT was applied behind the involved spine segment using a stationary skin-contact method. Patients were treated 5 times weekly, for a total of 15 treatments, with the following parameters: wavelength 904 nm; frequency 5000 Hz; 100-mW average diode power; power density of 20 mW/cm(2) and dose of 3 J/cm(2); treatment time 150 sec at whole doses of 12 J/cm(2). The outcomes were pain intensity measured with a visual analog scale (VAS); lumbar movement, with a modified Schober test; pain disability, with Oswestry disability score; and quality of life, with a 12-item short-form health survey questionnaire (SF-12). Subjects were evaluated before and after treatment. Statistical analyses were done with SPSS 11.5. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in all outcomes measured (p < 0.001), but were larger in group A than in B (p < 0.0005) and C (p < 0.0005). The results in group C were better than in group B (p < 0.0005). Conclusions: The results of this study show better improvement in acute LBP treated with LLLT used as additional therapy.

    19. ANTI-INFLAMMATION Anti-Inflammatory Effects of LLLT vs. NSAID’s “Head to head comparison between LLLT and pharmacological substances in four animal studies found that there were no differences in anti-inflammatory effects between LLLT and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, meloxicam, celecoxib, and diclofenac when they were administered at doses equivalent to those given in clinical practice”

    21. INFLAMMATION AND PAIN Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM. Nerve Research Foundation, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. robertachow@iinet.net.au Comment in: Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1875-6. BACKGROUND: Neck pain is a common and costly condition for which pharmacological management has limited evidence of efficacy and side-effects. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a relatively uncommon, non-invasive treatment for neck pain, in which non-thermal laser irradiation is applied to sites of pain. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to assess the efficacy of LLLT in neck pain. METHODS: We searched computerised databases comparing efficacy of LLLT using any wavelength with placebo or with active control in acute or chronic neck pain. Effect size for the primary outcome, pain intensity, was defined as a pooled estimate of mean difference in change in mm on 100 mm visual analogue scale. FINDINGS: We identified 16 randomised controlled trials including a total of 820 patients. In acute neck pain, results of two trials showed a relative risk (RR) of 1.69 (95% CI 1.22-2.33) for pain improvement of LLLT versus placebo. Five trials of chronic neck pain reporting categorical data showed an RR for pain improvement of 4.05 (2.74-5.98) of LLLT. Patients in 11 trials reporting changes in visual analogue scale had pain intensity reduced by 19.86 mm (10.04-29.68). Seven trials provided follow-up data for 1-22 weeks after completion of treatment, with short-term pain relief persisting in the medium term with a reduction of 22.07 mm (17.42-26.72). Side-effects from LLLT were mild and not different from those of placebo. INTERPRETATION: We show that LLLT reduces pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients with chronic neck pain.

    22. LASER THERAPY (LLLT) Primary effects: ENERGY Secondary effects: Anti-Inflammatory PAIN REDUCTION Tissue Regeneration Increase Circulation (Microcirculation)

    23. NERVES AND PAIN LOW LEVEL LASERS CAN CAUSE: NERVE STIMULATION EFFECTS NERVE INHIBITION EFFECTS NERVE REGENERATION EFFECTS

    24. NERVES & PAIN NERVE INHIBITION Anesth Analg. 2008 Sep;107(3):1058-63. Pre-Irradiation of blood by gallium aluminum arsenide (830 nm) low-level laser enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia in rats. Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Hasegawa A, Noguchi T. Department of Brain and Nerve Science, Anesthesiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka-Hasamamachi-Yufu City-Oita 879-5593, Japan. saku@med.oita-u.ac.jp BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to relieve pain, free of side effects. However, the mechanisms underlying LLLT are not well understood. Recent studies have also demonstrated that opioid-containing immune cells migrate to inflamed sites and release beta-endorphins to inhibit pain as a mode of peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia. We investigated whether pre-irradiation of blood by LLLT enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia. METHODS: The effect of LLLT pretreatment of blood on peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia was evaluated in a rat model of inflammation. Additionally, the effect of LLLT on opioid production was also investigated in vitro in rat blood cells. The expression of the beta-endorphin precursors, proopiomelanocortin and corticotrophin releasing factor, were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: LLLT pretreatment produced an analgesic effect in inflamed peripheral tissue, which was transiently antagonized by naloxone. Correspondingly, beta-endorphin precursor mRNA expression increased with LLLT, both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that that LLLT pretreatment of blood induces analgesia in rats by enhancing peripheral endogenous opioid production, in addition to previously reported mechanisms.

    25. NERVES & PAIN NERVE REGENERATION Photomed Laser Surg. 2007 Oct;25(5):436-42. Laser phototherapy (780 nm), a new modality in treatment of long-term incomplete peripheral nerve injury: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Rochkind S, Drory V, Alon M, Nissan M, Ouaknine GE. Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel. rochkind@zahav.net.il OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted this pilot study to prospectively investigate the effectiveness of low-power laser irradiation (780 nm) in the treatment of patients suffering from incomplete peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries for 6 months up to several years. BACKGROUND DATA: Injury of a major nerve trunk frequently results in considerable disability associated with loss of sensory and motor functions. Spontaneous recovery of long-term severe incomplete peripheral nerve injury is often unsatisfactory. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 18 patients who were randomly assigned placebo (non-active light: diffused LED lamp) or low-power laser irradiation (wavelength, 780 nm; power, 250 mW). Twenty-one consecutive daily sessions of laser or placebo irradiation were applied transcutaneously for 3 h to the injured peripheral nerve (energy density, 450 J/mm(2)) and for 2 h to the corresponding segments of the spinal cord (energy density, 300 J/mm(2)). Clinical and electrophysiological assessments were done at baseline, at the end of the 21 days of treatment, and 3 and 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: The laser-irradiated and placebo groups were in clinically similar conditions at baseline. The analysis of motor function during the 6-month follow-up period compared to baseline showed statistically significant improvement (p = 0.0001) in the laser-treated group compared to the placebo group. No statistically significant difference was found in sensory function. Electrophysiological analysis also showed statistically significant improvement in recruitment of voluntary muscle activity in the laser-irradiated group (p = 0.006), compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that in patients with long-term peripheral nerve injury noninvasive 780-nm laser phototherapy can progressively improve nerve function, which leads to significant functional recovery.

    26. NERVES & PAIN NERVE STIMULATION Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Jul;39(6):513-26. Optically mediated nerve stimulation: Identification of injury thresholds. Wells JD, Thomsen S, Whitaker P, Jansen ED, Kao CC, Konrad PE, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 351631 Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transient optical nerve stimulation is a promising new non-contact, spatially precise, artifact-free neural excitation technique useful in research and clinical settings. This study evaluates safety of this pulsed infrared laser technique by histopathologic examination of stimulated peripheral nerves. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exposed rat sciatic nerves were functionally stimulated with the pulsed Holmium:YAG laser, previously validated as an effective tool for optical stimulation. Nerves were removed immediately and up to 2 weeks after stimulation and assessed histologically for thermal damage. Laser parameters studied include upper limits for radiant exposure, repetition rate, and duration of stimulation. RESULTS: Radiant exposures with <1% probability of thermal tissue damage (0.66-0.70 J/cm(2)) are significantly greater than radiant exposures required for reliable stimulation (0.34-0.48 J/cm(2)). The upper limit for safe laser stimulation repetition rate occurs near 5 Hz. Maximum duration for constant low repetition rate stimulation (2 Hz) is approximately 4 minutes with adequate tissue hydration. CONCLUSION: Results confirm that optical stimulation has the potential to become a powerful non-contact clinical and research tool for brief nerve stimulation with low risk of nerve thermal damage. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

    27. LASER THERAPY (LLLT) Primary effects: ENERGY Secondary effects: Anti-Inflammatory Pain Reduction TISSUE REGENERATION Increase Circulation (Microcirculation)

    28. WOUND HEALING The wound healing process is a series of events that begin at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. The process of wound healing can roughly be divided into 3 steps: Inflammation phase Proliferation phase Maturation and remodelling phase (ie, scar tissue) Any method that can accelerate any of these steps could also improve the wound healing process

    29. WOUND HEALING Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Oct 1. Effects of 780-nm Low-level Laser Therapy with a Pulsed Gallium Aluminum Arsenide Laser on the Healing of a Surgically Induced Open Skin Wound of Rat. Bayat M, Azari A, Golmohammadi MG. Physical Therapy Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Iran Medical Science Branch University , Vanak, Tehran, Iran . Abstract Objective: The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effects of a 780-nm low-level laser on open skin wound healing. Background Data: Optimal parameters of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for wound healing are discussed. Methods: One full-thickness skin wound was surgically induced in the dorsum skin of 30 rats. The rats were divided into two groups. Rats in the experimental group were daily treated with a gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (2 J/cm(2), lambda = 780 nm, pulse frequency of 2336 Hz). Rats in the sham-exposed group received LLLT with switched off equipment. After 4, 7, and 15 days, wounds were checked by histological and biomechanical methods. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: Fibroblasts, endothelium of blood vessels, blood vessel sections, and maximum stress were significantly increased, whereas macrophages were significantly decreased, compared with those of the sham-exposed group. Conclusion: Pulsed LLLT with a 780-nm GaAlAs laser significantly accelerates the process of healing of surgically induced, full-thickness skin wounds in rat.

    30. WOUND HEALING Cell Tissue Bank. 2009 Nov;10(4):327-32. Effects of diode laser therapy on the acellular dermal matrix. Soares LP, de Oliveira MG, de Almeida Reis SR. Department of Oralmaxillofacial Surgery, PUCRS School of Dentistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. liviaps@ibest.com.br Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) was subcutaneously implanted into calvarian skin of male Wistar rats (n = 40). Low-level laser (lambda 685 nm, 4 J/cm(2)) was locally applied in experimental group (n = 20) above the skin flap. Grafts were harvested at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery and underwent histological analyses. In treated animals, the extent of edema and the number of inflammatory cells were reduced (P < 0.05). The amount of collagen in graft treated with low-level laser were significantly higher than those of controls (P < 0.05) and were statistically more prominent on the 14th day after surgery. The mean count of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the low-laser therapy group within the 3rd day, showing a marked influx of fibroblasts into area. In conclusion, wound healing of the ADM appear to be positively affected by laser therapy.

    31. LASER THERAPY (LLLT) Primary effects: ENERGY Secondary effects: Anti-Inflammatory Pain Reduction Tissue Regeneration INCREASE CIRCULATION (MICROCIRCULATION)

    32. MICROCIRCULATION Poor blood circulation is one of the main reasons behind many chronic conditions, particularly for patients with diabetes. One of the most important benefits of laser therapy is that it increases microcirculation immediately after treatment

    33. MICROCIRCULATION VASODILATION Not by heat but instead by a photobiomodulation of nitric oxide (NO) production.

    34. MICROCIRCULATION Photomed Laser Surg. 2008 Oct;26(5):443-9 Role of nitric oxide in the visible light-induced rapid increase of human skin microcirculation at the local and systemic levels: II. healthy volunteers. Samoilova KA, Zhevago NA, Petrishchev NN, Zimin AA. Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. samoilova3@yandex.ru OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the skin microcirculation increase seen in healthy volunteers after a single exposure to polychromatic visible (pVIS) light, and to prove the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of this effect. BACKGROUND DATA: Improvement of microcirculation is one of the most important effects of laser and pVIS light therapy; however, its mechanism of action remains unknown. A main role in the regulation of vascular tone is known to be played by NO. It is produced by NO-synthase (NOS) located in membranes of many cells, including endothelial and blood cells. NOS, a biopteroflavohemoprotein, absorbs pVIS light, resulting in its activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The central area of the dorsal side of the right hand (24 cm2) of 42 volunteers was irradiated for 5 min with pVIS light from a Q-light (385-750 nm, 95% polarization, 40 mW/cm2, 12 J/cm2). Then for 90 min, the blood flow rate (Qas) was measured eight times, both in the area of the irradiation (local effect) and in the non-irradiated left hand (systemic effect) by using a high-frequency ultrasound Doppler device, recording Qas in human skin to a depth up to 5 mm. In the central area of the right hand of 14 volunteers an NOS inhibitor, N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 0.1% solution), was iontophoretically administered prior to exposure, whereas in 10 other subjects it was administered to the left hand with subsequent exposure of the right hand. RESULTS: As soon as 2 min after exposure, Qas in the irradiated area rose on average by 32%, and in 20 min by 45%; it then decreased and in 90 min returned to the initial level. A statistically significant Qas increase in the non-irradiated hand was recorded in 5 min (+9%), and in 20 min it reached a maximum level (+39%), and 90 min later it decreased to the initial values. The presence of L-NMMA in the light-exposed area completely blocked the photoinduced rise of microcirculation, both in the irradiated and in non-irradiated hand; however, its administration to the non-irradiated hand did not prevent these effects. CONCLUSION: The increase in skin microcirculation produced by pVIS light at the local and systemic levels is due to activation of NO synthesis in the irradiated area

    35. SUMMARY In summary, laser therapy normalizes our body’s cellular functions by restoring disabled mitochondrial ATP production. This in turn leads to a cascade of processes that increases the recovery of damaged or poorly functioning tissue. The main categories of recovery are: NERVE FUNCTION (stimulation, healing, and pain reduction) INFLAMMATION (takes the chronic inflammation into the acute phase) WOUND HEALING (inflammation, proliferation, maturation) CIRCULATION (vasodilation and microcirculation)

    36. LOW LEVEL LASER LIGHT THERAPY

    37. LASER THERAPY (LLLT) DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES Stroke Tinnitus Chronic Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Chronic Back Pain Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Arthritis Ankle Sprains Acne Vulgarus TMJ Herpes Simplex Oral Mucositis Myofascial Pain Syndrome Lymphedema Epicondylitis Sports Injuries Achilles tendinitis

    38. LATEST STUDIES & RESEARCH

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    60. Safety of Therapeutic (Class 3b) Lasers Therapeutic lasers are practically risk free. 40 years of class 3b lasers No Permanent Injuries Therapeutic Lasers are Extremely Safe

    61. LOW LEVEL LASER LIGHT THERAPY

    62. ADMINISTERING LLLT HOLD THE PROBE in ONE POINT for around 20-30 SECONDS MOVE THE PROBE ABOUT ˝ INCH

    63. ADMINISTERING LLLT

    64. SCALAR WAVE LASERS

    65. LOW LEVEL LASER LIGHT THERAPY

    66. Effects of Stress “Stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not realize it…” - Mayo Clinic “When your brain perceives a threat, your body releases a burst of hormones to fuel your fight-or-flight response. When the threat is gone, your body returns to normal. Unfortunately, the nonstop stress of modern life means that your alarm system rarely shuts off…” – Mayo Clinic

    67. Effects of Stress There are numerous emotional and physical disorders that have been linked to stress including depression, anxiety, heart attacks, stroke, hypertension, immune system disturbances that increase susceptibility to infections, a host of viral linked disorders ranging from the common cold and herpes to AIDS and certain cancers, as well as autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. In addition stress can have direct effects on the skin (rashes, hives, atopic dermatitis) the gastrointestinal system (GERD, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis) and can contribute to insomnia and degenerative neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. In fact, it's hard to think of any disease in which stress cannot play an aggravating role or any part of the body that is not affected - American Institute of Stress

    68. THE VISCIOUS CYCLE: e.g., The Ischemic Penumbra In The Brain The brain has been injured due to stroke/head injury. Most of the tissue is recoverable but because of inflammation there is poor circulation and that part of the brain does not heal and repair. If we produce energy directly at the source (mitochondria) regardless of the restricted circulation we are able to kick start the recovery.

    69. Using the Laser

    70. Using the Laser

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