Innovative LID Programs that Protect Resources and Enhance Infrastructure.

1. Innovative LID Programs that Protect Resources and Enhance Infrastructure. Lincoln Mercury Headquarters Green Roof, Irvine, CA. Photo courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc. Low Impact Development Center 2007

2. LEED™, SPIRIT, Green Globes™, Sustainable Sites, Rating Programs • Point not performance systems • Not “regional or local” one size fits all • No Optimization • Not targeted at water quality • Can achieve certification without necessarily addressing water Low Impact Development Center 2007

3. Chicago, Illinois • More than 80 green roofs totaling over 1 million square feet. Another 1 – 2 million square feet planned. • A 2003 study found green roof runoff volume was less than half that of conventional roofs. • Subsidized rain barrel program used to reduce basement flooding and CSO volume. • Downspout disconnection projected to reduce CSO peak flow in target area by 20%. Chicago City Hall Green Roof. Photo courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc. Low Impact Development Center 2007

4. Portland, Oregon • City code requires on-site stormwater management for new and re-development. • Subsidized downspout disconnection program. • 45,000 participating households. • Infiltrates 1 billion gallons of rainwater annually. Vegetated Planter at Portland State University. Photo courtesy of Martina Keefe. Low Impact Development Center 2007

5. Portland, Oregon (cont.) Vegetated Curb Extensions • Flow testing demonstrated 88% reduction in peak flow and 85% reduction in CSS inflow for 25-year storm event. • Sufficient to protect local basements from flooding. • Project cost $15,000 and required two weeks to install. Vegetated Curb Extensions. Photo courtesy of the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Low Impact Development Center 2007

6. Portland, Oregon (cont.) Permeable Paver Blocks • Used in a similar manner to curb extensions to manage street runoff. • Allow hardscape function to be retained. • Have virtually eliminated runoff from the street. Permeable paver block installation. Low Impact Development Center 2007

7. Portland, Oregon (cont.) Green Roofs • Zoning bonus allows additional building square footage for buildings with a green roof. • Two years of monitoring demonstrated that 58% of rainfall was retained. • Nearly 100% retention of warm season rainfall. Hamilton Apartments Ecoroof. Photo courtesy of the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Low Impact Development Center 2007

8. Seattle, WashingtonNatural Drainage Systems Bioretention Swales • Stormwater source control. • Monitoring has demonstrated 99% reduction in stormwater runoff. • No measured runoff since December 2002. 2nd Avenue SEA Street. Photo courtesy of Seattle Public Utilities. Low Impact Development Center 2007

9. Seattle, WashingtonNatural Drainage Systems (cont.) Cascade Channels • End-of-Pipe Control • Monitoring demonstrates 75% reduction in stormwater runoff volume and 60% reduction in peak flow. • Modeling estimates that cascade system retains three times as much stormwater and held stormwater 2.5 times longer than original drainage ditch. Cascade Drainage System. Photo courtesy of Seattle Public Utilities. Low Impact Development Center 2007

10. Seattle, WashingtonKing Street Center Rainwater Harvesting • Over 16,000 gallons of storage at 327,000 ft2 King Street Center used for toilets and irrigation. Provides 60% (1.4 million gallons) of toilet flushing water annually. King Street Center. Low Impact Development Center 2007

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12. Seattle Green Factor • Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional equivalent as determined by the Green Factor. • For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is 0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or planting low water-use vegetation. • Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to the property. • In effect as of January 2007. Low Impact Development Center 2007

13. Toronto, Ontario • Adopted a wet weather plan with four main principles: • Rain and snow are a resource. • Manage stormwater on watershed basis. • Hierarchy of management: source control, conveyance, and finally end-of-pipe. • Educate & involve the public. • City provides free downspout disconnection. • Committed over $100 million for stream restoration efforts include rehabilitating wetlands and vegetated areas. Chester Springs Marsh. Source: City of Toronto, www.toronto.ca. Low Impact Development Center 2007

14. Toronto, Ontario (cont.) • More than 100 green roofs have been installed in the city, which reduce roof runoff by more than 50%. • Ryerson University study modeled impacts of installing green roofs on all city roofs >3,750 ft2. • Would result in 12,000 acres of green roofs – 8% of total city land area. • Estimated nearly $270 million in municipal capital cost savings and more than $30 million of annual savings. Source: Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto Low Impact Development Center 2007

15. Vancouver, British Columbia • Uses naturalized streetscapes, infiltration bulges and Country Lanes to manage stormwater from roadways. • More than 30 green roofs installed in the city. • First SEA street design projected to reduce annual runoff 90%. Country Lane. Photo courtesy of City of Vancouver Greenways Program. Low Impact Development Center 2007

16. Vancouver, British Columbia (cont.) • The city has integrated its LID program with its greenways program, which was designed to create green city corridors and improve pedestrian access and safety throughout the city. • Community groups donate time to maintain vegetated areas that manage stormwater Greenway. Photo courtesy of City of Vancouver Greenways Program. Low Impact Development Center 2007

17. Battery Park City, New YorkEnvironmental Guidelines Stormwater Standards: • Require that the first 2.4 inches of rainwater falling on all building roofs and setbacks be collected, treated, and stored on-site for reuse (i.e., cooling tower, irrigation, and building and sidewalk maintenance, and laundry). The Solaire. The first green U.S. residential high rise. Low Impact Development Center 2007

18. Battery Park City, New YorkEnvironmental Guidelines (cont.) Heat Island and Landscaping: • Requires that 75% of all roof area, over conditioned space, not used for mechanical equipment or skylights be planted as a green roof garden and, except for private terraces, open to all residents. • Remaining roof areas to use light-colored/high-albedo materials with an SRI (solar reflectance index) of 78. • Street trees to be provided per Battery Park requirements. • Specify 100% of plantings to be certified native/ indigenous/ adapted and that require low amounts of water and are pest- and disease-resistant. The Solaire green roof. Photo courtesy of Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. Low Impact Development Center 2007

19. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia: • 1. That the Code of Virginia is amended by adding a section numbered 10.1-1186.5 as follows: • § 10.1-1186.5. Creation of the Low Impact Development Assessment Task Force. Low Impact Development Center 2007

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22. Maryland Bill 784 Low Impact Development Center 2007

23. Washington, D.C. – Casey Trees study (released in April 2007) • Green roofs of 103 million sq. ft., tree coverage of 57% of the city, and tree boxes of at least 6 X 20 ft. together would: • Reduce annual CSO discharges by more than 500 million gallons (22%) and the frequency of discharges 6.7%. • Reduce annual MS4 discharges by nearly 600 million gallons (6.6%). Photo courtesy of Casey Trees, Washington, D.C. Low Impact Development Center 2007

24. Washington, DCAnacostia Waterfront Corp. • The AWC is a quasi-private public agency responsible for coordinating the environmental restoration of the Anacostia River, the revitalization of the lands and communities along the river, and public awareness and environmental stewardship of the river. • The mission of the organization mandates simultaneously achieving social, economic, and environmental benchmarks. Low Impact Development Center 2007

25. Anacostia Waterfront Corp. (cont.) • In May 2006, the AWC board approved a resolution that requested the creation of comprehensive environmental standards that would make the AWC a regional environmental leader. • The main environmental focus of the AWC, as stipulated by enabling legislation, was the restoration of the Anacostia River. • While the District bears the consequences of the Anacostia’s pollution, it comprises only 4% of the River’s watershed. The remaining portion of the watershed is in Maryland. This generated a strong desire to lead by example to influence other jurisdictions. Low Impact Development Center 2007

26. Anacostia Waterfront Corp. (cont.) • In June 2006, the AWC convened an independent advisory Environmental Standards Committee comprised of environmentalists, developers, lawyers, engineers, and policy analysts to draft standards that would apply to each development project within AWC’s jurisdiction. Floating trash on the Anacostia River. Photo courtesy of the AnacostiaWatershed Society. Low Impact Development Center 2007

27. Anacostia Waterfront Corp. (cont.) • The comprehensive environmental standards included provisions for: • Integrated environmental design • Stormwater • Green building • Site planning and preservation • While the Standards Committee adopted LEED standards for green building requirements, it recognized the lack of attention to progressive stormwater control within the LEED system. • Because stormwater runoff and CSO are leading sources of pollution, the committee crafted its own innovative stormwater guidelines. Fifty percent of the Brownhead Catfish in the River have cancerous tumors. Low Impact Development Center 2007

28. Urban Development Washington D.C. Potomac River Anacostia River Low Impact Development Center 2007

29. Anacostia Waterfront Corp. (cont.) • Stormwater standard requires on-site retention of the first inch of rainfall for new development and re-development and water quality treatment for up to the two-year storm volume. • Option for offsets if on-site control is not possible. • Stated preference for vegetated controls. Award winning Barracks Row. Low Impact Development Center 2007

30. Anacostia Waterfront Corp. (cont.) • The draft standards won two regional awards for environmental protection and innovation. • Even before their approval, AWC used the standards framework in negotiations with developers. • Adopted by the Board on June 1st. Low Impact Development Center 2007

31. Current Efforts • SPU conducting rainwater harvesting study to determine cost effectiveness of on-site cisterns for rainwater collection and detention in CSS areas. • SPU to conduct a stormwater flow reduction and demand management study in CSO basins to evaluate green strategies, environmental & cost effectiveness, and ancillary benefits. • Portland conducting feasibility study evaluating green infrastructure controls throughout CSO basins. • WERF study evaluating implementation and financing strategies for green controls. Low Impact Development Center 2007