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Cancer

Cancer. Every 2 minutes someone is diagnosed with cancer in the UK/NZ. 1 in 3 people will get cancer. Cancer causes ¼ of all deaths in the UK/NZ. 420 people die from cancer every day - 1 every 4 minutes. 7.5 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year worldwide. What is cancer?.

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Cancer

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  1. Cancer

  2. Every 2 minutes someone is diagnosed with cancer in the UK/NZ 1 in 3 people will get cancer Cancer causes ¼ of all deaths in the UK/NZ 420 people die from cancer every day - 1 every 4 minutes 7.5 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year worldwide.

  3. What is cancer? Cancer is a term used for diseases in which there is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. • Benign • Malignant

  4. Types of Cancers • Not all tumours are cancerous; tumours can be benign or malignant. • Benign tumours aren't cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body. • Malignant tumours are cancerous. Cells in these tumours can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.

  5. Cancers can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs Sarcoma- cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. • Benign • Malignant

  6. Leukaemia- cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

  7. Sometimes cancer cells break away and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymph system. • They may form new colonies of abnormal cells in other parts of the body. • These new colonies of cells are called secondary growths or metastases.

  8. Causes of cancer Genes Age Smoking Body weight Lifestyle Sun exposure Alcohol Diet

  9. Causes of cancer • Cancer is caused by changes –mutations-in a cell's DNA -- its genetic "blueprint". • Some of these changes may be inherited from our parents, while others may be caused by outside exposures, which are often referred to as environmental factors.

  10. Environmental factors - Carcinogens • Environmental factors can include a wide range of exposures, such as lifestyle factors (nutrition, tobacco use, physical activity, etc.), naturally occurring exposures (ultraviolet light, radon, infectious agents, etc.), medical treatments (chemotherapy, radiation, and immune system-suppressing drugs used after organ transplants, etc.), workplace and household exposures, and pollution

  11. Over half of cancers could be avoided by healthy lifestyle Smoking – increases risk by 30% Diet – too much processed food, fats, red meat, salt Fibre - not enough fruit and veg - increase risk by 20%

  12. Most common cancers

  13. Breast cancer Most common cancer in women 1/8 women 130 are diagnosed each day 340 men diagnosed each year 2/3 survive for over 20 years after diagnosis mammogram mastectomy

  14. Testicular cancer • Most common between 15-44 • 2000 men diagnosed each year in UK • Survival rate is 95%

  15. Lung cancer • 108 people diagnosed every day • Less than 10% survive • Most common cause of cancer death 1 in 5 • 95 people die a day • SMOKING CAUSES 90% OF CASES

  16. Paradoxically, radiation can………

  17. Cause cancer • Ionising Radiation released from radioactive material can cause alterations/ mutations in the DNA of a cell that can lead to altered growth

  18. Diagnose cancer • X-rays, CT scans, Ultrasound, Gamma cameras all use aspects of radiation to provide pictures from inside the body

  19. Nuclear Medicine Tracers • It is important to be able to study internal organs, or tissues, without the need for surgery. In such cases, radioactive tracers can be injected into the body so such studies can take place. The path of these tracers can be detected using a gamma camera because of their radioactivity.

  20. Static Imaging • There is a time delay between injecting the tracer and the build-up of radiation in the organ. • Static studies are performed on the brain, bone or lungs scans

  21. Tracers Used in Nuclear Medicine

  22. Factors Which Affect the Choice of Tracer • Such tracers are chosen so that: • They will concentrate in the organ, or tissue, which is to be examined. • They will lose their radioactivity (short t). • They emit gamma rays which will be detected outside the body. Gamma rays are chosen since alpha and beta particles would be absorbed by tissues and not be detected outside the body. • Technitium-99m is most widely used because it has a half-life of 6 hours

  23. Why is a half-life of 6 hours important? • A shorter half-life would not allow sufficient measurements or images to be obtained. • A longer half-life would increase the amount of radiation the body organs or tissues receive.

  24. Treat Cancer • Ionising radiation released from radioactive material can be used externally or internally to target cancer cells with the aim of killing the cells

  25. Radiotherapy • Radiation therapy uses ionising radiation to treat cancer i.e. to destroy cancerous cells. • There are two techniques in radiation therapy that are used to treat cancer using ionising radiation: • Radiotherapy • Brachytherapy

  26. Factors Which Affect the Choice of Treatment for Cancer • The choice of treatment depends on a number of factors including: • The size of the tumour. • The position of the tumour.

  27. Radiotherapy Treatment • The cancerous tumour has to be located so that its size and position can be analysed. This information can be obtained from: • X-rays • CT scans • MRI scans • Ultrasound images

  28. Radiotherapy Treatment • Gamma rays are emitted from a cobalt-60 source – a radioactive form of cobalt. • The cobalt source is kept within a thick, heavy metal container. • This container has a slit in it to allow a narrow beam of gamma rays to emerge.

  29. Brachytherapy ( internal use of radiation) • This involves placing implants in the form of seeds, wires or pellets directly into the tumour. • Such implants may be temporary or permanent depending on the implant and the tumour itself. • The benefit of such a method is that the tumour receives nearly all of the dose whilst healthy tissue hardly receives any.

  30. Brachytherapy ( internal use of radiation) • Brachytherapy is used to treat the following cancers • Uterus • Cervix • Prostate • Intraocular • Skin • Thyroid • Bon

  31. Other treatments include;

  32. Chemotherapy • Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells • Can also harm healthy cells • Used to cure, control and ease symptoms

  33. Cryosurgery • Used on external tumours, retina, cervix and early stage prostate cancer • Liquid nitrogen • Dissolves and forms a scab • Can affect fertility and cause scarring

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