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Orthographic regularization of morphology in English, and the advantages of N-gram research

Orthographic regularization of morphology in English, and the advantages of N-gram research. Maxwell J. Sowell Marissa C. Huston- Carico Eric D. Warburg (UC Davis). Researching morphological change. Researching morphological change. N-grams. Researching morphological change.

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Orthographic regularization of morphology in English, and the advantages of N-gram research

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  1. Orthographic regularization of morphology in English, and the advantages of N-gram research Maxwell J. Sowell Marissa C. Huston-Carico Eric D. Warburg (UC Davis)

  2. Researching morphological change

  3. Researching morphological change • N-grams

  4. Researching morphological change • What is an N-gram?

  5. Researching morphological change • What is an N-gram? • 1-gram: “morphology” • 2-gram: “morphological process” • 3-gram: “morphological process research” • etc.

  6. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research?

  7. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research?

  8. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • When did “yuppie” come into use?

  9. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • What about “yuppiedom”?

  10. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • “yuppie”  “yuppiedom”

  11. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • Advantages over theoretical process research:

  12. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • Advantages over theoretical process research: • “Theoretical”

  13. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • Advantages over theoretical process research: • “Theoretical” • Hard evidence that one word was used first

  14. Researching morphological change • How does this help with research? • Advantages over theoretical process research: • “Theoretical” • Hard evidence that one word was used first • Specific dates can be implemented in sociolinguistic research

  15. Morphological regularization

  16. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient

  17. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • /write + -groblaxt/ - past tense • /read + -pfeffets/ - past tense

  18. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • Still some irregular morphology: • ox  oxen • eat  ate

  19. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • What would the plural of /boug/ be?

  20. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • What would the plural of /boug/ be? • The past tense of /teev/?

  21. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • What would the plural of /boug/ be? • The past tense of /teev/? • Speakers tend to use regularized forms when irregular forms are unknown or not drawn from the lexicon quickly enough

  22. Morphological regularization • General morphological rules and processes make parsing more efficient • Speakers tend to use regularized forms when irregular forms are unknown or not drawn from the lexicon quickly enough • If morphology does not reflect close relations between words, regularization is a risk

  23. “pedlar”  “peddler”

  24. “pedlar”  “peddler” • Why is the change significant?

  25. “pedlar”  “peddler” • Why is the change significant? • More generally, why is spelling significant?

  26. “pedlar”  “peddler” • Why is the change significant? • More generally, why is spelling significant? • speakers retain visual spellings by symbolizing sounds (c.f. Ehri & Wilce 1980)

  27. “pedlar”  “peddler” • Why is the change significant? • More generally, why is spelling significant? • speakers retain visual spellings by symbolizing sounds (c.f. Ehri & Wilce 1980) • visualized representations of words, rather than their sequences of sounds, are used to cognitively parse them into meaningful parts (c.f. Olson 1996)

  28. “pedlar”  “peddler” • So what happened?

  29. “pedlar”  “peddler” • So what happened? • No new semantic niche for “peddler” to fill “seller” not shown – also in relatively constant use

  30. “pedlar”  “peddler” • “peddle” comes in near when “peddler” did

  31. “pedlar”  “peddler” • closely relate the two lexemes’ roots with morphological reanalysis after all in use

  32. “pedlar”  “peddler” • closely relate the two lexemes’ roots with morphological reanalysis after all in use • /peddle + -er/ cognitively closer to /peddle/

  33. “pedlar”  “peddler” • What about “peddler” being reanalyzed in order to create “peddle” via back-formation?

  34. “pedlar”  “peddler” • What about “peddler” being reanalyzed in order to create “peddle” via back-formation? • “peddling” already existed; more feasible to remove an inflectional affix than a derivational one to yield “peddle”

  35. “pedlar”  “peddler” • What about “peddler” being reanalyzed in order to create “peddle” via back-formation? • “peddling” already existed; more feasible to remove an inflectional affix than a derivational one to yield “peddle” • seemingly no reason for a spelling change if ‘peddle’ is not causing the change

  36. “burglar” and “*burgler” • Why is “*burgler” not attested? “*burgler” insignificant and so not shown

  37. “burglar” and “*burgler” • Why is “*burgler” not attested? • differences in relative usage of related lexemes

  38. “burglar” and “*burgler” • Why is “*burgler” not attested? • differences in relative usage of related lexemes • “burgle” is a humorous back-formation

  39. “burglar” and “*burgler” • Speakers are equally likely to use “burglarize”

  40. “pedlar” vs. “burglar” • Spelling not changed in order to back-form

  41. “pedlar” vs. “burglar” • Spelling not changed in order to back-form • “Peddle” (and “burgle”, too) semantically unnecessary; in use for other [social] reasons

  42. “pedlar” vs. “burglar” • Spelling not changed in order to back-form • “Peddle” (and “burgle”, too) semantically unnecessary; in use for other [social] reasons • Rising usage caused speakers to relate “pedlar” and “peddle”

  43. “pedlar” vs. “burglar” • Spelling not changed in order to back-form • “Peddle” (and “burgle”, too) semantically unnecessary; in use for other [social] reasons • Rising usage caused speakers to relate “pedlar” and “peddle” • Regularized with /-er/ ending instead of recalling separately memorized form “pedlar”

  44. “pedlar” vs. “burglar” • Spelling not changed in order to back-form • “Peddle” (and “burgle”, too) semantically unnecessary; in use for other [social] reasons • Rising usage caused speakers to relate “pedlar” and “peddle” • Regularized with /-er/ ending instead of recalling separately memorized form “pedlar” • “pedlar” fell out of use in American English; efficiency taking priority is a noted trend

  45. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research

  46. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research • For English /-er/ regularization • Without many English words ending in [-ar] that semantically correlate with the deverbalnominalizer /-er/, research is limited

  47. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research • For English /-er/ regularization • Without many English words ending in [-ar] that semantically correlate with the deverbalnominalizer /-er/, research is limited • Etymological research

  48. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research • For English /-er/ regularization • Without many English words ending in [-ar] that semantically correlate with the deverbalnominalizer /-er/, research is limited • Etymological research • e.g. “pedlar” is derived from Latin, while “burglar” is derived from French

  49. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research • For English /-er/ regularization • Without many English words ending in [-ar] that semantically correlate with the deverbalnominalizer /-er/, research is limited • Etymological research • e.g. “pedlar” is derived from Latin, while “burglar” is derived from French • Other sociolinguistic applications

  50. Further study • Using raw chronology for derivational research • For English /-er/ regularization • Without many English words ending in [-ar] that semantically correlate with the deverbalnominalizer /-er/, research is limited • Etymological research • e.g. “pedlar” is derived from Latin, while “burglar” is derived from French • Other sociolinguistic applications • Why words like “peddle” come into use/peak in use

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