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Acquiring a theory of mind

Acquiring a theory of mind. Typically developing children and adults. Unexpected transfer test Wimmer & Perner (1983). While Maxi is out playing, his Mum takes the chocolate from the cupboard and grates some of it into a cake. Maxi is returning from play feeling hungry. He wants his chocolate.

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Acquiring a theory of mind

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  1. Acquiring a theory of mind Typically developing children and adults

  2. Unexpected transfer testWimmer & Perner (1983) While Maxi is out playing, his Mum takes the chocolate from the cupboard and grates some of it into a cake. Maxi is returning from play feeling hungry. He wants his chocolate. Where will Maxi look for his chocolate? Where did Maxi put his chocolate? Where did Mum put his chocolate?

  3. Deceptive box test What’s inside this tube? What is it? When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside? (Gopnik & Astington, 1988) What will your friend Johnny say is inside? (Perner et al, 1987)

  4. Appearance-realityAnd correlations between theory of mind tests Flavell et al (1983) Gopnik & Astington (1988)

  5. Have children been underestimated?Perhaps they misunderstand what the experimenter is asking The importance of story comprehension (Lewis et al, 1994) Difficulty with the test question (Siegal & Beattie, 1991)

  6. The importance of state-change (Wimmer & Hartl, 1991) What’s inside this tube? What is it? I’ve taken away the Smarties and put a pencil in the tube When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside?

  7. Wimmer and Hartl got it wrongSaltmarsh et al (1995) What’s inside this tube? What is it? I’ve taken away the Smarties and put a pencil in the tube When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what was inside? When you first saw this tube, before we opened it, what did you think was inside?

  8. Explaining children’s correct judgments in state changeMitchell & Lacohee (1991) What’s inside this tube? Can you post a picture of what you think’s inside the tube… What is it? When you posted your picture, what did you think was inside this tube? • Cartoon posting control condition

  9. Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Age Age Age Age Age If there was a shift If there was no shift If there was a shift If there was a shift If there was a shift and modifications merely boosted performance Modified test Standard test The truth about false belief!Wellman et al’s (2001) meta analysis

  10. Adult’s difficulty with false beliefMitchell et al, 1996

  11. Hindsight biasFischhoff, 1975 • Who was most likely to win a battle fought in India 200 years ago, British or Ghurkhas? • The British had good tactics and good weapons • The Ghurkhas knew the terrain and had great determination • Actually, the British won but put that out of your mind because I want to know who you thought had the best chance of winning given the factors that advantaged one side or the other • Result: Hindsight bias and confusion between own and others’ beliefs

  12. Keysar et al (2003)

  13. Apperly et al (2006) Psychological Science

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