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Taking Sensor Networks from the Lab to the Jungle

Explore the latest trends in sensor networks, their applications in diverse fields, and the technical challenges they face.

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Taking Sensor Networks from the Lab to the Jungle

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  1. Taking Sensor Networks from the Lab to the Jungle Vamshi Nadipelli Preethi Tiwari ECE-695 Mobile Wireless Networks

  2. What is a Sensor Network? • A sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes equipped with sensing, communication (short range radio) and processing capabilities.

  3. Outline • Introduction • The System • Areas of Application • Challenges • Technical • System • Conclusion

  4. Introduction • Chain Home - Britain’s Radar Network WWII • Cold War: • SOSUS – The Pacific Ocean • NORAD – Cheyenne Mountain • National Power Grid • Involves • Devices with multiple sensors • Network via wireless/physical links

  5. Involved Technologies Network Technology Sensor Network Computational Power Sensor Technology

  6. The Systems involved • Sensor Node Internals • Operating System

  7. Sensor Node Internals CPU INFRARED ACOUSTIC SEISMIC IMAGE MAGNETIC… POWER SUPPLY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INTERFACE SENSOR COMMUNICATION NODE • Some Current Node Platforms: • Sensoria WINS • Smart Dust – Dust Inc. Berkeley • UC Berkeley mote – Crossbow (www.xbow.com)

  8. Operating System - TinyOS • Custom built at UC, Berkeley for wireless sensor nodes • Component-based architecture: ensures minimum code size • Component library includes: • Network protocols • Sensor drivers • Data acquisition tools • Distributed services

  9. Physical Size WINS NG 2.0 Berkley Motes AWAIRS I LWIM III AWACS

  10. Applications • Border Monitoring • Battlefield Observation • Forest Fire Detection • Environment and Habitat Monitoring • Infrastructure security • Industrial sensing • Medical Applications

  11. Border Monitoring • Most widely cited application • US-Mexico Border (3100 km) • Requires Full length Surveillance • Detection can be based on sound or vibration • With in a range of 10m • Estimated need of 440,000 sensors • Air dropped biannually (battery life 6months) • Not cost effective • Should distinguish humans from wild animals

  12. Battlefield surveillance • Observing enemy activities in a battle field. • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) • Coverage problem (limited radio range) • 10,000 nodes were required to monitor just 1 square kilometer • For large areas: • cost • Many nodes implies large number of UAV’s operating simultaneously.

  13. Forest Fire Detection • A sensor network is more feasible as an early warning system for forests. • Carefully placing nodes (close to vulnerable areas such as hilltops) • Reduce the number of sensors required to cover a large geographic area. • Important aspect is lifetime • Must operate for a very long period of time to discover a comparatively rare event

  14. Nodes are subjected to random failures • Due to battery exhaustion • Disorientation of antennas (falling branches, wind etc) • So, Networks relay messages hop by hop failure of several • closely spaced nodes could partition the network into non • communicating subnetworks

  15. Environment and Habitat Monitoring • Environmental monitoring involves collecting readings over time across a • volume of large space enough to exhibit significant internal variation. • Environmental sensors are used to monitor relative humidity, barometric • pressure and temperature. • They study vegetation responses related to climatic trends and diseases • Whereas the imaging sensors can identify, track and measure the population • of birds and other species.

  16. Monitoring nesting • Large number of burrows. • Long time observation

  17. Over 100 sensor nodes. • Long term observation

  18. Migration pattern of zebras • They generally move in wide area • Long term observation

  19. Sensors were integrated on to the zebra’s neck. • Consisted of 2 radios. • Long range (base station) • Short range (neighbors) • These were used to monitor the heart beat, body temperature and frequency of feeding

  20. Infrastructure Security • Early detection of chemical, biological and nuclear threats. • Protection of power plants and communication centers. • Networks of video, acoustic and other sensors are deployed around these • facilities. • When compared to Fixed sensors, Ad hoc networks can provide more • flexibility and additional coverage. • MULTIPLE SENSORS provide Improved coverage, detection, and reduced • false alarm rate.

  21. Industrial Sensing • Goals of commercial industry • Lower cost • Improved performance • Maintainability • It involves continuous monitoring of vibrations, lubrication levels and inserting • sensors into regions inaccessible by humans. • Spectral and Optical sensors are generally used in industrial applications • because inputs from hundreds or thousands of sensors can be fed into the • databases that can be accessed in any number of ways to show the real time • information (called MULTIPOINT OR MATRIX SENSING).

  22. Medical applications • Heart rate • Oxygen saturation • Enhances emergency medical care.

  23. Challenges • Power • Communication • Hostile Environments • Cost

  24. Technical challenges Changing network topology: • Node failures • Introduction of additional nodes variations in sensor location • Changes to cluster allocations in response to network demands requires the adaptability of underlying network structures and operations. Advanced communication protocols • To support high level services and real-time operation (to adapt rapidly to changes in network conditions). Resource optimization: • To minimize cost, power and network traffic loads • Ensuring network reliability and adequate sensor resolution for data accuracy.

  25. Limitations: • Power, Memory, processing power, life-time. These physical constraints may be minimized through further technological breakthroughs in materials and sensor hardware designs. Failure prone: • Individual sensors are unreliable, particularly in harsh and unpredictable environments. • Addressing sensor reliability can reduce the level of redundancy required for a network to operate with the same level of reliability. Network congestion resulting from dense network deployment: • The quantity of data gathered may exceed the requirements of the network and so evaluation of the data and transmission of only relevant and adequate information needs to be performed.

  26. Self-organization • Ability to adapt to dynamic environments as well as ad hoc distribution and connectivity scenarios. Self-operating and self-maintaining • This functionality is desired in order to minimize further human interaction beyond network deployment. Security • It is a critical factor in sensor networks. • An effective compromise must be obtained, between the low bandwidth requirements of sensor network applications and security demands.

  27. Conclusion Sensor networks are application specific Key application characteristics Lifetime, cost, data rate, environment, network topology, user interaction Must address the system aspects of wireless sensor network design

  28. QUESTIONS ?

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