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Chapter 10. Infection Control. Definitions. Infection control Infectious disease Pathogens. Signs and Symptoms of Infections. Generalized or systemic Affecting whole body Localized Affecting one area of body. Question.
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Chapter 10 Infection Control
Definitions • Infection control • Infectious disease • Pathogens
Signs and Symptoms of Infections • Generalized or systemic • Affecting whole body • Localized • Affecting one area of body
Question • Which of the following may be signs or symptoms of a localized infection? • Fever, headache, and increased pulse rate • Vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue • Red, swollen, draining wound
Answer • C. Red, swollen, draining wound • Localized • Affecting one area of body • Signs and symptoms: • Red, swollen, and warm to touch area • Drainage • Pain
Answer • C. Red, swollen, draining wound • Generalized or systemic infection may cause fever, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased pulse and respirations
Microbiology • Microscope • Microbiology • Germ theory • Communicable or contagious disease • Contaminated • Normal flora (continued)
Microbiology • Immune response • Antibiotic • Opportunistic infection • Aerobic • Anaerobic • Hosts (continued)
Microbiology • Symbiosis • Neutralism • Parasitic • Parasite • Microbes
Question • True or False: • Microorganisms that are aerobic require oxygen to live.
Answer • True • Aerobic microorganisms • Require oxygen to live • Anaerobic microorganisms • Do not require oxygen to live
Microbes • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Rickettsia • Protozoa
Question • True or False: • Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.
Answer • False • Viruses • Smallest microbes
Chain of Infection • Infectious agent • Reservoir host • Portal of exit • Route of transmission • Portal of entry • Susceptible host (continued)
Defense Mechanisms • Cilia • Cough and sneeze • Tears • Hydrochloric acid • Mucous membranes • Rise in body temperature • Increase in leukocytes
Scope of the Problem • Nosocomial infection (HAI or health care- associated infection) • Industrial illness • Needlestick injuries • Handwashing • Most important procedure for preventing health care-acquired infections
Infection Control • Regulatory agencies • CDC • OSHA
Question • True or False: • A patient is admitted to the hospital for an infected leg. This would be called a nosocomial infection.
Answer • False • Nosocomial infection • Infection occurs while patient receiving health care
Asepsis • Asepsis • Also known as aseptic technique • Medical asepsis • Clean technique • Surgical asepsis • Sterile technique
Breaking the Chain of Infection • Breaking just one link stops infection • Six elements summarized • Source of infecting microorganism • Means of transmission • Susceptible host
How to Break Chain • Decrease source of microorganisms • Wash hands • Decontaminate surfaces and equipment • Avoid contact when contagious • Prevent transmission of microorganisms • Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) • Follow isolation precautions (continued)
How to Break Chain • Maximize resistance • Provide good hygiene • Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake • Decrease stressors that weaken immune response
Question • True or False: • The chain of infection must be kept intact to stop an infection from being transmitted.
Answer • False • Breaking chain of infection prevents transmission
Normal Flora • Transient flora • Resident flora • Standard precautions • Handwashing • Removes transient flora • Diminishes resident flora
Standard Precautions • Follow at all times • Potential fluid sources of microbes: • Blood • Body fluids, secretions, and excretions • Except sweat • Nonintact skin (continued)
Standard Precautions • Potential fluid sources of microbes: • Mucous membranes • Any identified body fluids • Handwashing • PPE • Patient-care equipment (continued)
Standard Precautions • Environmental control • Linen • Needle handling and disposal
Isolation • Transmission-based precautions • Airborne • Droplet • Contact • Neutropenic • Consequences to patient, staff, and visitors • Impact on facility
Question • Which of the following activities is the most critical in preventing the spread of infections? • Wearing gloves • Wiping down surfaces • Handwashing
Answer • C. Handwashing • Number one prevention tool: • Good handwashing
Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes • Bacteriostatic • Bactericidal or germicidal • Antiseptics • Disinfectants • Sterilization
Surgical Asepsis • Also known as sterile technique • Eliminates presence of pathogens from objects and areas • Sterile field
Risks • Blood-borne pathogens • Hepatitis B • HIV • Tuberculosis (TB) • Drug-resistant infections
Question • Which of the following methods is bacteriostatic? • Sterilization • Using an antiseptic for cleaning • Using a disinfectant for cleaning
Answer • B. Using an antiseptic for cleaning • Bacteriostatic • Methods that only inhibit growth of microorganisms • What antiseptic does • Bactericidals kill microorganisms • Include sterilization and disinfectants
Hepatitis Virus • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Hepatitis C • Hepatitis D • Hepatitis E
Human Immunity Virus • HIV and AIDS • Carriers • Transmission • Symptoms • Treatment • Prevention
TB • Airborne pathogen • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis • No prevention • Skin test give for detection • Latent TB infection and TB disease • Still problematic in U.S. • Drug-resistant strains developing
Question • Which of the following patients would test positive with a TB screening test? • Latent TB infection • Active TB disease • Both latent TB infection and active TB disease
Answer • C. Both latent TB infection and active TB disease • Both latent TB infection and active TB disease will test positive • But only someone with active TB disease can transmit it to others
Other Infectious Organisms • Ebola virus • Bird flu • H5N1 avian influenza • Mad cow disease • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) • West Nile virus • Swine flu • H1N1 influenza
Drug-Resistant Organisms • Developed from overuse of antibiotics • Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment (continued)
Drug-Resistant Organisms • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) • Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) • Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) • Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)
Question • Which of the following diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes? • West Nile virus • Mad cow disease • H1N1
Answer • A. West Nile virus • West Nile virus • Transmitted by mosquitoes • Mad cow disease • Presumably transmitted by eating infected meat • H1N1 • Primarily transmitted human-to-human