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Cell Structure and Function: Understanding the Basics

Explore the fundamental concepts of cell theory, membrane structure, and organelle function. Learn about the composition of cells, importance of the cell membrane, and roles of key organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria in this informative guide.

robertjerry
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Cell Structure and Function: Understanding the Basics

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  1. Chapter 4Cell Structure and Function Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

  2. CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. (CELL= the basic unit of life) • Cells come from the reproduction of • existing cells.

  3. WHICH IS BIGGER? Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________

  4. Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______  ___________ ___________

  5. CELL THEORY CELL SIZE 1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________)3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

  6. CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

  7. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC HYDROPHOBIC

  8. Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

  9. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

  10. CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

  11. GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS

  12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm • Controls what enters and leaves cell

  13. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE(semi-permeable)

  14. CELL MEMBRANE Made of __________________ and ______________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________ Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through) OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that “recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS STEROIDS (lipids)

  15. CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html CYTOSOL – gel-like goo ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

  16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

  17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane = NUCLEAR ENVELOPE(nuclear membrane) Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

  18. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

  19. WHAT DOES IT DO? • Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

  20. WHAT DOES IT DO? • Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

  21. NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS • Makes RNA for ribosomes

  22. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS • Surrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE) • CONTROL CENTER OF CELL • CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) • Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

  23. Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm CYTOSKELETON • Gives cell shape & support • Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS called MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

  24. CYTOSKELETON

  25. MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/mitochondrion2.gif • Looks like “little sausages”

  26. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membranecalled CRISTAE Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

  27. WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

  28. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ ______________________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy as ______ Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

  29. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Network of hollow tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

  30. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Moves substances around inside cell = “Intracellular highway” Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Has RIBOSOMESattached

  31. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Has RIBOSOMESattached • Transports molecules to other parts of cell

  32. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG • Has NO ribosomes attached • Makes steroids • Regulates calcium • Destroys toxic substances

  33. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________” Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________, breaks down _________________ SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER (no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)

  34. RIBOSOMES • Made of PROTEINS and RNA • Protein factory for cell  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

  35. RIBOSOMES Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

  36. RIBOSOMES

  37. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h • Pancake like membrane stacks • Packages molecules for transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

  38. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

  39. It’s ALL connected!

  40. LYSOSOMES Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html • Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes • Digest food, unwanted molecules, • old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

  41. LYSOSOMES Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

  42. LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

  43. LYSOSOMES

  44. CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

  45. CENTRIOLES Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

  46. CENTRIOLES

  47. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

  48. FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

  49. CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself

  50. CILIA Move substances past cells Image from: http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg

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