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Effect of Node Number and Days to Flowering on Yield Traits in Castor Hybrids under Rainfed Conditions

This study explores the relationship between yield traits and maturity duration of castor hybrids based on node number and days to 50% flowering under rainfed conditions. Results show that early flowering hybrids have shorter spike length and higher spike numbers but lower seed yield potential compared to medium duration hybrids.

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Effect of Node Number and Days to Flowering on Yield Traits in Castor Hybrids under Rainfed Conditions

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  1. Effect of Node Number and Days to Flowering on Yield Traits in Castor Hybrids under Rainfed Conditions Manjunatha T, Lavanya C, Sethilvel S, Ramya KT and Vishnuvardhan Reddy A t.manjunatha@icar.gov.in, arsmanju@gmail.com ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30

  2. India is the leading country in castor production and Productivity (201-15) • Area-----------------10.89 lakh ha • Production ------- 1.87million MT • Productivity -------1717 kg/ha(2014-15, Ministry of Agriculture) • Rainfed areas 1000-2000 kg/ha, Irrigated areas—30000-80000 kg/ha

  3. Since 1990s, productivity in castor has substantially increased from around 320 kg/ha to 1700 kg/ha mainly due to cultivation of castor hybrids having both biotic and abiotic resistance • Prominent hybrids in cultivation are GCH-7, GCH-4, GAUCH-1, GAUCH-2, DCH-177, DCH-519, PCH-111 and YRCH-1. • These hybrids have been released by Active Collaboration and sharing of germplasm and parents between ICAR-IIOR and SAUs of Gujarat, Rajasthan, AP, Telangana and Tamilnadu • Generally Castor hybrids yield better than Varieties both under Rainfed and Irrigated conditions

  4. Prominent Yield Traits in Castor • Genetic Nature • Spike Length (20-100 cm) • Maleness on the spike (0-90% of length) depending on genetic nature and environmental conditions • Number of Productive branches and spikes • Nature of Branching- Basal Divergent, Basal convergent—this again depends on spacing • 5. Number of capsules, capsule size, 100 seed weight • Node number and Days to 50% flowering indirectly affects Yield Traits • Environmental factors • Spacing—More spacing required in fertile soils/Black soils • Soil depth • Moisture availability- More spacing required in Drip irrigation etc.

  5. Secondary 1 Primary Spike Secondary 2 Nodes to the primary raceme

  6. Role of Node Number in Castor • Castor breeding material has node number range from 6 to 40 or more • Each node takes 3-5 days approximately to develop. • Number of nodes to the primary spike (PNN) denotes the number of days to 50% flowering • Generally node number of a hybrid or variety changes according to soil type, moisture or environmental conditions. • Generally a hybrid/variety produce less number of nodes (there by early flowering) in rainfed conditions than in irrigated conditions. • Ex: DCH-177 hybrid has 10-12 node number (Flowers 41 DAS) in ICAR-IIOR and same hybrid produce 19-20 Nodes (57-60 DAS) in Gujarat. GCH-7 produce 15 vs 20 nodes (Flowers 49 vs 60 DAS) • The present study deals with the relationship between yielding ability and suitable maturity duration of hybrids based on the node number and days to 50 percent flowering especially under rainfed conditions.

  7. Materials and Methods • Aset of 160 hybrids derived from 10 different female and male parents were evaluated for general phenology and yield attributes • Augmented Randomized Block Design (ARBD), rainfed conditions in chalka soils at ICAR-IIOR • Three checks---DCH-177, DCH-519 & GCH-7, repeated after every 10 entries • At least 5 hybrids derived from each female parent were included in the study • Change in general phenology was observed and recorded thrice a week. • Seed yield and yield attributes were recorded at 90, 120 and 150 days interval from 5 plants.

  8. Results and discussion

  9. Table 1. Range of Seed yield and yield attributes in castor hybrids derived from different female parents *cumulative, C-Checks

  10. Early hybrid

  11. Early hybrid

  12. Results and Discussion • Early flowering Hybrids (<42 days to 50 %flowering) • Node number to primary spike not only determines days to 50% flowering but also yield significantly. • Harvesting of primary spikes started from 75 DAS in hybrids with node number less than 10, • Hybrids derived from early female parents, R-15-1299, DPC-15, DPC-23 and DPC-9, in general, were less yielding under rainfed conditions • They have short spike length, high number of spikes and early maturation • Seed yield potential of early flowering hybrids was high up to 120 DAS only • They had low drought tolerance/resistance and also less recovery after dry spell • Maximum seed yield potential of early maturing hybrids ranged from 171 grams per plant in R-15-1299 derived hybrids to 217 g per plant in DPC-9 based hybrids.

  13. Results and Discussion…… • Medium Duration hybrids (45 to 50 days to 50% flowering) • Yield potential was high in hybrids having >12 PNN • Generally, they had longer spikes, though lesser number of spikes, • Longer duration and yield potential extended beyond 150 DAS up to 180 DAS • better tolerance to moisture deficiency during dry spells and post monsoon season. They also recovers better after dry spells • Primary spike was ready for harvesting by 100-110 DAS in medium flowering hybrids (>12 PNN). • Per plant yield more than 220 grams recorded from some specific hybrids having PNN >12. • There were no significant differences in 100 seed weight among hybrids irrespective of their node number and it ranges from 28 to 36 grams.

  14. Medium duration hybrid

  15. Success of DCH-519, Climate Resilient and Medium Duration Hybrid best suited for both Rainfed and Irrigated It yields better than DCH-177, GCH-4, GCH-7 and all existing hybrids in Anantapur district of AP, Telangana, Haryana, Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat

  16. DCH-177 --The Best hybrid for Haryana and parts of Rajasthan

  17. Conclusions • This study establishes that hybrids with PNN >12 were always better suited for cultivation under rainfed conditions due to their resistance to mid and terminal drought conditions and also better recovery after dry spells. • Early flowering hybrids could not withstand dry spells of South-West monsoon during 25th July to 25th August and post monsoon season. • Hundred seed weight is also of paramount importance to be successful for rainfed cultivation as frequent dry spells often leads to low 100 seed weight in some hybrids

  18. Conclusions: Traits of castor hybrids and varieties which provides for better adaptation to climate change • No increase in Maleness of spike despite moisture stress, increase in temperature and age of plant—DCH-177, DCH-519, PCH-111, GNCH-1 • No decrease in seed weight despite moisture stress---GCH-4, GCH-7, DCH-519 • Better recovery and yielding ability after relieving moisture stress—DCH-519 • Prolonged yielding ability during post monsoon season ----Medium duration hybrids • Resistance to leaf hopper and thrips –Triple bloom hybrids(DCH-519, GCH-7) • Resistance to whiteflies during January to April--- Single bloom hybrids(DCH-177) • Intact of matured and dried capsules on spikes despite high intense rains—DPC-9 based hybrids

  19. Thank you Thank you

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