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Roman Republic

Explore the rise of Rome from a kingdom to a republic and its expansion through conquests. Discover the Roman government structure, military organization, and societal norms. Learn about key events like the Punic Wars and the development of the Roman Empire. Unravel the complexities of Roman society, including slavery and the role of women. Dive into the rich history and legacy of the Roman Republic and Empire.

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Roman Republic

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  1. Roman Republic Senatus Populusque Romanus (or the Senate and the people of Rome)

  2. Founding of Rome –The City (Kingdom) of Rome Romulus and Remus Twin boys of Mars and Latin princess Ordered killed by non-Latin king Cared for by a wolf Grew and founded a city (753BC) Romulus killed Remus Historic Evidence The Etruscans conquered the Romans (non-Latin king) Romans eventually overthrew Etruscans and established kingdom Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8th Century BC

  3. Etruscan Walled TownCivita di Bagnoregio

  4. The Tabula Cortonensis, discovered near Cortona in 1992, but only made public in June 1999, is made of bronze (Approximate dimensions: 50 by 30 cm, with a mean thickness of 2-3 milimetres) and was cut into eight fragments, of which one unfortunately has unfortunately been lost. We can surmise that the tablet, once it had served its purpose, was broken in order to re-use the metal.

  5. Pottery Group of bucchero vessels, 7th-5th centuries BCE http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/Etruscan_Culture.html

  6. Art Frescoes Bronze Work Gold Terra Cotta Sculptures

  7. Etruscan tomb of hunting and fishing - Tarquinia (central Italy)

  8. Bronzes From the Regolini-Galassi tomb , 650 B.C Bronze helmet, 7th century BC.

  9. Gold bracelets Regolini-Galassi tomb and date to about 675-650 B.C.

  10. Etruscan Musician, Tomb of Triclinium

  11. End of Etruria In 504 BC, the Etruscans were driven from territory when their army was defeated. After this, Tarquinius Superbus the Etruscan king of Rome fell, and the Roman republic formed; from this point on, Roman history is rooted in Latin culture instead of that of the Etruscans.

  12. Regal Period Began with war of independence from Etruscans (500 BC) War heroes exhibit desired qualities of Romans Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history Regal period Ruled by 7 kings Revolted against last king to found the republic

  13. Republican Government Ruled by a senate and the people Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year) Foreign affairs and the military Direct access by the people to the consul People (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10 tribunes Governed local affairs Had veto power (individually)

  14. Constitution(balanced power) Senate Never made laws but advice was accepted Had power to appoint a person to solve a specific problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator") Appointed censors (moral guardian/rank judge) Appointed governors Concilium plebis Made all the laws (called plebecites) Elected magistrates (administrators) and judges Comitia Curiata/Centuriata – plebs and patricians Committed the emporium (military power) All met in the forum (looked over each other) Pontifex Maximus Religious leader

  15. Government Comparisons with US government Balance of power Senate and House of Representatives Consul (= president) Tribune (veto power) Courts (independent) Military power (?) Censor (?)

  16. Military Organization Centuries — 100 armed men Headed by Centurian (from the ranks) Maniples—3 Centuries Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) Independent decisions (tribunes) Legions—groups of Maniples 6000 men Supported by light cavalry Discipline Death for individual insubordination Decimation for cowardice

  17. Roman Expansion (in Italy) Conquest of Italy Took 200 years Granted full or partial citizenship Tax and legal benefits Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory) Roman colonies Established in strategic locations Established by treaty Troops sent when needed Customs of the area left intact Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

  18. Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Punic Wars 264BCE to 146 BCE Against Carthage About: 1) Access to Mediterranean 2) Control of Sicily Hannibal attacked Rome

  19. Roman Republic Rome conquered Greece 150 BC Romans took on much Greek culture Gods and goddesses parallel each other Gods had Indo-European roots

  20. Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Conquest of the East and West Allies rather than servants or slaves Toleration Corruption in the Greek kingdoms Some states given to the Romans Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline Outnumbered in most battles

  21. Building an Empire Structure of the "empire" Still a republican form of government Checks and balances Two parties emerged Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero) Populares (power to people) Family Values (according to the Romans) Piety Discipline Frugality Not greedy Righteous wars Never quit

  22. Building an Empire Status of Women Absence of men at war Women gained economic power Ability to divorce and retain property Morals eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded

  23. Building an Empire Slavery Conquests increased the number of slaves Constituted 40% of the population Conditions were poor Romans feared slave uprising Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits

  24. Collapse of the Republic Gracchus brothers Violence used to impose one's will Marius Re-election to consulate (many times) Standing army Sulla Assumption of dictator powers Use of the army to override councils Proscription list

  25. Julius Caesar100-44 BC Born to aristocratic family Allied with Crassus, a wealthy Roman and Pompey, a popular general. Together they formed the triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) After successful military campaigns be was named dictator in 44 BC Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus Crossing the Rubicon Conquest of Egypt Cleopatra

  26. First Triumvirate ? Crassus Caesar Pompey

  27. Caesar’s Reforms HAD TOTAL POWER Granted citizenship to many provinces Expanded senate Helped the poor by creating jobs Started colonies so people without land could own land Increased pay for soldiers Senators and noble became concerned over his growing power and popularity.

  28. Julius Caesar Murder of Caesar Killed by senatorial opponents Instigated by his usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor Died March 15, 44 BC Stabbed by 20 senators Brutus—illegitimate son

  29. Second Triumvirate ? Marc Antony Lepidius Octavian

  30. The Julio-Claudian Emperors

  31. Tiberius • 14-37 A.D. • Adopted son of Augustus • Ruled during time of Jesus death

  32. Caligula • 37-41 A.D. • Tiberius’ adopted son • Insane (?) • Selected his horse to be on the Senate • Murdered by his bodyguards

  33. Claudius • 41-54 A.D. • Conquered Britain • Supposedly murdered by his wife • Expelled Jews

  34. Nero • 54-68 A.D. • Christianity became a crime • Murdered his wife, brother, and mother

  35. Suspected of starting fire in Rome • First emperor to persecute Christians • Committed suicide

  36. Flavian Emperors • Vespasian – His son Titut captured Jerusalem and destroyed the temple 70 A.D • Titus – At the beginning of his reign Mt Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii

  37. Domitian – demanded to be worshipped as a god

  38. Five Good Emperors

  39. Nerva • 96-98 • Died from a stroke

  40. Trajan • 98-117 AD • Pushed boundaries of the empire to its greatest extent • was against the law to be a Christian

  41. Hadrian • 117-138

  42. Antoninus Pius • 138-161

  43. Marcus Aurelius • 161-180 • Remembered as one of the most upright emperors, but hated Christians

  44. The Decline Begins 180 CE Marcus Aurelius died His son, Commodus, took control of Rome Commodus was a poor leader, killed by his bodyguard Time of disarray follows Commodus from the movie Gladiator

  45. Commodus • 180-193 • With his assassination Rome fell into civil war

  46. Conquests Other areas Conquest over other powers and then direct conquest to subdue the local tribes Conquest continued through republic and empire period.

  47. Building an Empire Economics Not enough land to support the people Farmers were needed and respected Acquisition of wheat and other foods became a priority Victory over Carthage provided more land Rome was a consumer Trading profits made many Romans rich Extremes of wealth and poverty Citizens did not have to pay taxes

  48. Pax Romana – “Roman Peace”27 BCE to 180 CE • Peak of power • Peace reigned except for a few border areas • Included 3 million square miles • Between 60-80 million people

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