Turn In ( for what? )

1. Turn In (for what?) To Folder (and take all graded papers from folder): • Blood Done Sign My Name HW • Barbara Lau/Pauli Murray Extra Credit Reflection To White Bin: • Late Work

2. The Civil Rights Movement Martin have a dream, Kendrick have a dream” --Kendrick Lamar I mean it's evident I'm irrelevant to societyThat's what you're telling me, penitentiary would only hire meCurse me till I'm deadChurch me with your fake prophesizing that I'mma be another slave in my headInstitutionalize manipulation and liesReciprocation of freedom only live in your eyes --Kendrick Lamar

3. The Civil Rights Movement:Contents Key Concept Segregation School Desegregation The Montgomery Bus Boycott Sit-Ins Freedom Riders The March on Washington Voter Registration The End of the Movement

4. Civil rights marchers cross the Alabama river on the Edmund Pettus Bridge at Selma March 21, 1965, with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the lead at the start of a five day, 50-mile march to the State Capitol of Montgomery for voter registration rights for blacks. (AP Photo) Black Civil Rights Movement • Black civil rights movement was a political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African Americans that was started and sustained by black women. • Movement was “bottom – up” not “top – down” • It was a grassroots movement made possible by organizations and collective groups of people, not one individual like MLK or the government • Segregation: system of laws and customs separating African Americans and whites • Goal:end segregation and discrimination through a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws.

5. Segregation • Segregation laws were often called the Jim Crow Laws • Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877.

6. Entrance of movie house for African Americans on Saturday afternoon, Belzoni, Mississippi Delta, Mississippi Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USF34-9058-C] Segregation • African Americans had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. • Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs to separate the races went up in every possible place.

7. A grammatically incorrect segregation sign Actor Charlton Heston protests a whites-only restaurant Segregation • Conditions for African Americans in the Northern states were somewhat better, though in 1910 only 10% of African Americans lived in the North. • Segregated facilities were not as common in the North, but African Americans were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants.

8. Voting Rights • System of segregation also included the denial of voting rights, known as disenfranchisement. • Between 1890 and 1910, all Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting. • Used to prevent African Americans from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment, which had been designed to protect African American voting rights.

9. Left: A political cartoon about poll taxes by Dr. Seuss Bottom: A poll tax receipt from Birmingham, Alabama in 1896 Voting Requirements • Ability to read and write, which disqualified many African Americans who had no access to education • Property ownership, which excluded most African Americans • Paying a poll tax, which prevented most Southern African Americans from voting because they could not afford it. • African Americans were usually free to vote in the North.

10. NAACP • NAACP = National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • NAACP became one of the most important African American organizations of the 20th century • It relied mainly on legal strategies that challenged segregation and discrimination in the courts. • NAACP founded by W.E.B. DuBois

11. NAACP • The main focus of the NAACP turned to equal educational opportunities. • Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued that separate was inherently unequal. • The Supreme Court heard arguments on five cases that challenged school segregation.

12. Desegregate the schools! Vote Socialist Workers : Peter Camejo for president, Willie Mae Reid for vice-president. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.;LC-USZ62-101452 School Desegregation • In May 1954, the Warren Court issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,stating racially segregated education was unconstitutional and overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. • White Southerners were shocked by the decision.

13. Protesters against integration in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1959 School Desegregation • Virtually no schools in the South desegregated in the first years following the Brown decision. • Tactics to prevent desegregation: • Firing school employees who showed willingness to seek integration • Closing public schools rather than desegregating • Boycotting all public education that was integrated • Often, schools desegregated in theory only because racially segregated neighborhoods led to segregated schools. • To overcome the problem, some districts bused students to schools outside their neighborhoods in the 1970s

14. The first African American students to integrate Central High School The Little Rock Nine • In 1957, Governor of Arkansas defied a federal court order to admit 9 African American students to Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. • President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce desegregation. • Event was covered by the national media, and the fate of the 9 students attempting to integrate the school gripped the nation.

15. KKK and School Desegregation • As desegregation continued, membership of the KKK grew • KKK terror included intimidation and murder and was widespread in the South during the 1950s and 1960s • Despite threats and violence, the civil rights movement quickly moved beyond school desegregation to challenge segregation in other areas.

16. Rosa Parks being fingerprinted, 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott • In December 1955, Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP, was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person. • When Parks refused, she was arrested • Prior to the arrest, head of the local NAACP E.D. Nixon, recognized that the arrest of Parks might rally local African Americans to protest segregated buses • Thus, together Parks, Nixon, and the Montgomery NAACP planned Parks’s arrest

17. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • Montgomery’s African American community had long been angry about their mistreatment on city buses where white drivers were rude and abusive. • The women of Montgomery organized the boycott • Bus boycott was an immediate success, with almost unanimous support from the African Americans in Montgomery. • Boycott lasted for > 1 year then in November 1956, a federal court ordered Montgomery’s buses desegregated

18. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • A Baptist minister named Martin Luther King, Jr., was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization that directed the bus boycott. • His involvement in the protest made him a national figure. • Eloquence in speech and writing and his idealism attracted people both inside and outside the South. • King became the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) when it was founded in 1957. • SCLC complemented the NAACP’s legal strategy by encouraging the use of nonviolent, direct action to protest segregation – ex. marches, demonstrations, and boycotts • Harsh white response to direct action eventually forced the federal government to confront racism in the South

19. Sit-ins in a Nashville store Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-126236 A pamphlet by Barbara Ann Posey explaining her reasons for protesting Sit-Ins • On February 1, 1960, 4 African American college students from North Carolina A&T University began protesting racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at “White Only” lunch counters and waiting to be served.

20. Sit-Ins • Not a new form of protest, but response to sit-ins spread throughout NC and within weeks sit-ins were taking place in cities across the South. • This form of protest demonstrated young African Americans were determined to reject segregation. • In April 1960, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina at Shaw University to help organize and direct the student sit-in movement. • Founder: Ella Baker

21. A bus used by Freedom Riders was stopped and burned by white protestors. Freedom Riders • After the sit-in movement, some SNCC members participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides organized by CORE  specifically Fannie Lou Hamer • The Freedom Riders, both black and white, traveled around the South in buses to test the effectiveness of a 1960Supreme Court decision declaring segregation illegal in bus stations open to interstate travel. • The Freedom Rides began in Washington, D.C and the trip was peaceful until the buses reached Alabama • In Birmingham, a mob attacked the riders when they got off the bus.

22. To Do: • Take out guided notes from last class • If you were absent, check binder • Turn in late work to bin • Take ALL graded papers from folder • KEEP Civil Rights Webquest and I will explain what to do with that

23. Freedom riders arriving in Montgomery, Alabama in 1961 Arrest photographs of two freedom riders in 1961; in the center is the couple in their later years Freedom Riders • The violence brought national attention and fierce condemnation of Alabama officials for allowing the brutality to occur. • President Kennedy stepped in to protect the Freedom Riders when it was clear that Alabama officials would not guarantee their safe travel. • Riders continued on to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested, ending the protest. • Freedom Rides did result in the desegregation of some bus stations, but more importantly they caught the attention of the American public.

24. Roy Wilkins with a few of the 250,000 participants on the Mall heading for the Lincoln Memorial in the NAACP march on Washington on August 28, 1963] Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-77160 March on Washington • Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered “I Have a Dream” speech to more than 200,000 people. • “I Have a Dream” —famous for the way in which it expressed the ideals of the civil rights movement. • After President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, new President Johnson strongly urged the passage of the civil rights legislation as a tribute to Kennedy

25. President Johnson hands Martin Luther King, Jr. one of the pens used to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964. March on Washington • Despite fierce opposition from Southern legislators, Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress. • Prohibited segregation in public places and discrimination in education and employment • Also gave the executive branch the power to enforce the act’s provisions.

26. Back to Voting Rights • In June 1963 Medgar Evers was shot and killed in front of his home. • He was the local NAACP Mississippi field secretary • In 1964, SNCC workers organized the Mississippi Summer Project to register blacks to vote in the state, wanting to focus national attention on the state’s racism.

27. Three young civil rights activists journeyed to Neshoba County, Mississippi, to investigate the burning of Mt. Zion church:James Chaney, a 21 year old black man; Michael Schwerner, a 24 year old white Jewish man; and Andrew Goodman, a 20 year old white, Jewish college student. Voter Registration • SNCC recruited Northern college students, teachers, artists, and clergy to work on the project. • They believed the participation of these people would make the country concerned about discrimination and violence • The project did receive national attention, especially after 3 participants—two of whom were white—disappeared in June and were later found murdered and buried

28. Police attack protesters during Selma march Voter Registration • In early 1965, SCLC members employed a direct-action technique in a voting-rights protest initiated by SNCC in Selma, Alabama. • When protests at the local courthouse were unsuccessful, protesters began to march to Montgomery, the state capital. • As marchers were leaving Selma, mounted police beat and tear-gassed them. • Televised scenes of the violence, called Bloody Sunday, shocked many Americans and the resulting outrage led to a commitment to continue the Selma March.

29. Martin Luther King Jr. and his wife Coretta Scott King head the great civil rights march from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery on March, 30 1965. Montgomery to Selma • King and SCLC members led hundreds of people on a 5 day, 50 mile march to Montgomery. • The Selma March drummed up broad national support for a law to protect Southern African Americans’ right to vote. • The 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964 which prohibited poll taxes • President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which suspended the use of literacy and other voter qualification tests in voter registration.

30. Voter Registration • Over the next 3 years, almost 1 million more blacks in the South registered to vote. • By 1968, black voters had having a significant impact on Southern politics. • During the 1970s, blacks were seeking and winning public offices in majority African American electoral districts.

31. Witnesses stand over the body of Martin Luther King, Jr., and point in the direction from where the shot were fired. The End of the Movement • For many people the civil rights movement ended with the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. • Others believe it was over after the Selma March because there were not any significant changes since then. • Still others argue the movement continues today because the goal of full equality has not yet been achieved.