Cyber Conflict Research

1. Cyber Conflict Research Rain Ottis 2.01.2020 UNCLASSIFIED

2. Disclaimer The opinions expressed are those of the presenter and should not be considered as official policy of the CCD COE or NATO UNCLASSIFIED

3. Outline • My background – why cyber defence? • What is a cyber conflict? • Volunteers in cyber conflicts • Farmers with laptops • National security implications • Spam • Q&A UNCLASSIFIED

4. About me • 1999-2003 – USMA, BSc (Computer Science) • 2003-2005 – EDF Signal Battallion, instructor • 2005-2008 – National Defence College, TDC CIS, cyber defence section chief • 2008- ...... – CCD COE, scientist • 2005-2007 – TUT, MSc (Informatics) • PhD studies in TUT since 2007 UNCLASSIFIED

5. Cyber Conflict • Definition, please? • Cyberspace, cyber society, cyber attack, cyber stuff etc. UNCLASSIFIED

6. Cyber Conflict • An information system is a system* that is designed to operate with information. * a fixed set of elements and their properties or relations UNCLASSIFIED

7. Cyber Conflict • A weapon is a system that is designed to damage the structure or operations of some other system(s). • An information technology weapon, or shorter – IT weapon, is an information technology based system that is designed to damage the structure or operations of some other system(s). UNCLASSIFIED

8. Cyber Conflict • A cyber weapon is an information technology based system that is designed to damage the structure or operations of some other information technology based system(s). • Cyber weapons are a subset of IT weapons UNCLASSIFIED

9. Cyber Conflict • Cyber incidents are events that cause or may cause unacceptable deviation(s) in the structure or operation of an information system (or its components, including information, hardware, software etc.). UNCLASSIFIED

10. Cyber Conflict • Cyber attack is the intentional use of a cyber weapon or a system that can be used as a cyber weapon against an information system in order to create a cyber incident. UNCLASSIFIED

11. Cyber Conflict • Cyber espionage is the use of cyber attacks to cause a loss of confidentiality of the target system. • Cyber conflict is the use of cyber attacks (which must include attacks against integrity or availability of the target systems) to achieve political aims. • Cyber war is a cyber conflict between state actors. UNCLASSIFIED

12. Volunteers in Cyber Conflict UNCLASSIFIED

13. Volunteers in Cyber Conflict UNCLASSIFIED

14. Volunteers in Cyber Conflict • (Using) politically supportive civilian assets • Create, Hijack or Manipulate? Or hope for the best? • Plausible deniability • Low attribution level • May be protected from legal actions • Geographically spread out • Diverse arsenal • LOW resource need UNCLASSIFIED

15. Volunteers in Cyber Conflict • Difficult to plan, control, restrain • Indirect control mechanism • Effectiveness not guaranteed • Rise of cyber crime UNCLASSIFIED

16. L33T H4X0R 1.0 - resources • Access to a PC • Internet connection • Web browser • Time to browse forums and websites • ----- • Potentially administrator rights on the PC • Potentially PC is a laptop with wireless UNCLASSIFIED

17. L33T H4X0R 1.0 - skills • Using the web browser • Using a search engine • Downloading files from a web site • Opening data files (.doc, .xls etc.) • Opening (running) executable files • Copy-paste commands to command line and execute UNCLASSIFIED

18. L33T H4X0R 1.0 – support actions • Propaganda & Recruitment • Supply • Training • Reconnaissance & Targeting • Observation • Fog of War Сегодня, проводится грандиозная DoS-атака на сайт их правительства http://www.riik.ee/et/ооуществить это легко - заходим в Пуск - Стандартные - командная строка, в открывшемся окне пишем : ping -n 5000 -l 1000 http://www.riik.ee • на это вы потратите 5 мегабайт исходящего трафика. UNCLASSIFIED

19. L33T H4X0R 1.0 – support actions UNCLASSIFIED

20. L33T H4X0R 1.0 - attacks • Denial of Service (DoS) • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) • Web defacement • Infecting systems with malware UNCLASSIFIED

21. Rocket science? UNCLASSIFIED

22. National security implications • Attribution • Deterrence • Cyber Power • Critical Information Infrastructure Protection • Educating the end user • ... UNCLASSIFIED

23. I want in! • CCD COE Annual Conference • Conference on Cyber Conflict, 15-18 June 2010 • Will happen again in 2011 • ECIW 2011 – co-hosted by CCD COE and TUT Cybernetics Institute, July 7-8, 2011. • IEEE Special Edition on Cyber Conflict • Abstracts due 15 June 2010 • To appear in fall 2011 UNCLASSIFIED

24. References • Lorents, P. and Ottis, R. (2010) ”Knowledge Based Framework for Cyber Weapons and Conflict.” In Czosseck, C. and Podins, K. (Eds.) Conference on Cyber Conflict. Proceedings 2010. Tallinn: CCD COE Publications, p 129-142. • Ottis, R. (2009) ”Theoretical Model for Creating a Nation-State Level Offensive Cyber Capability.” In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Lisbon. Reading: Academic Publishing Limited, p 177-182. • Ottis, R. (2010) ”From Pitch Forks to Laptops: Volunteers in Cyber Conflicts.” In Czosseck, C. and Podins, K. (Eds.) Conference on Cyber Conflict. Proceedings 2010. Tallinn: CCD COE Publications, p 97-109. • Ottis, R. (2010) ”Proactive Defence Tactics Against On-Line Cyber Militia.” 8th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, 01-02.07.2010. Thessaloniki, Greece. [to appear] UNCLASSIFIED

25. Questions Thank you! www.ccdcoe.org http://conflictsincyberspace.blogspot.com UNCLASSIFIED