Searching Databases and using EndNote

1. Photographs will be taken during this session which may be used in future Library Services publicity / CILIP Update If you would prefer that we don’t use any photos of you in our materials, let us know by emailing clare.crowley@kcl.ac.ukThank you

2. Searching Databases and using EndNote Clare Crowley Information Specialist - Medicineclare.crowley@kcl.ac.uk Karen Poole Information Specialist - Biomedical and Health Karen.poole@kcl.ac.uk

3. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

4. Introduction • Understand the importance of drawing up a clear search strategy • Know where to look to find information • Search techniques for databases • Understand the importance of saving your search strategy properly • Grey literature: dissertations, conference proceedings, Government reports, unpublished trials etc • Documenting your search • Using EndNote to manage your references • Where to go to get extra help/find out more

5. Drawing up your search Need to: • Define your question! • Identify topics for searching • Use free text AND subject headings • Identify as many synonyms as possible and combine with OR • You can use tested search strategy filters to limit your search to e.g. find randomised controlled trials. An example of filters is at http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/intertasc/

6. Where to search If you need to search for articles on a specific subject, use databases of journal references such as: PsycINFO Medline (PubMed) Embase Web of Science CINAHL See the Databases page on the Library Subject Support page for Medicine: http://kcl.ac.uk.campusguides.com/medicine

7. Library Subject Guide for Medicine http://kcl.ac.uk.campusguides.com/Medicine

8. Your search strategy PICO

9. Planning your search

10. Focus your question Ask focused, answerable questions NOT What is the most effective intervention for treating eating disorders?

11. Focus your question Ask focused, answerable questions INSTEAD Is cognitive therapy better than antidepressants for treating eating disorders?

12. Exercise: planning your search Write down the following question (or a research question of your own) on the search template: Is cognitive therapy better than antidepressants for treating eating disorders? Write down the main keywords in the columns For each keyword, if you can think of any alternative terms, write those down as well Ask if you need help! k

13. Select the keywords Is cognitive therapy better than antidepressants for treating eating disorders? Keyword: eating disorders Keyword: antidepressants Keyword: cognitive therapy

14. For clinical questions you can use the PICO framework to help you to focus the question: P: Patient/problem – condition I: Intervention - therapy, diagnosis etc C: Comparison - comparing options O: Outcome - effects of intervention

16. AND Retrieves results containing only both terms e.g. Eating disorders AND cognitive therapy Makes search more specific Sometimes automatic for two or more terms depending on database

17. OR Retrieves results containing either term, i.e. inclusive Useful for synonyms and related terms e.g. Antidepressant drugs OR antidepressive agents Useful for variant terms e.g. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors OR SSRIs Makes search broader

18. Using subject headings Not all databases provide subject headings or a thesaurus Medline uses MeSH, EMBASE uses EMTREE etc.. In OvidSP search usually maps to headings by default. Remember to check ‘Scope’ notes and explore the subject tree where you can explode or focus terms. Search in stages and then combine results using Search History functions

19. Free text searching • Free text, keyword, or ‘natural language’ searching • The strategy used for searching the web and any database • Finds results if the words you are searching for are present in: • article title • abstract • keywords • You will find an article if you use the same terminology as the author(s)

20. Problems with free text searching The ambiguity of ‘natural language’ Synonyms, homonyms etc.. Variant forms of the same word or phrase – spelling, plural v. singular, abbreviations etc.. How do you know what you are missing?

21. Free text search tools • Phrases (“”) • “antidepressant drugs”; “breast cancer” • Truncation (*) [may also be $] • SSRI*; therap*; drug$ • Wildcard searching (e.g. Ovid ? for zero or one character) • p?ediatrics; flavo?r • Adjacency searching (adj# - Ovid); (N# - Cinahl); (NEAR/x – Web of Science) • acute adj5 otitis media; middle ear N3 inflam*; chronic NEAR/4 disease

22. Accessing databases To access a database click on the databases link on the Library webpage http://www.kcl.ac.uk/library/ Type in the name of the Database you want to search. You may need to login with your King’s username and password

23. Find full text Finding full text Electronically as ‘e-journals’ In print at King’s libraries In print at other libraries (e.g. other UL colleges) Document delivery – interlibrary loans Look out for the SFX@King’s logo – link to full text

24. Exercise: searching PsycInfo and Web of Science Carry out a search in both databases, using the workbook provided You can use your own search or the search example from earlier in the session or the example in the workbook Set up an account in the database to save your search strategy Ask for help if needed! k

25. Systematic Reviews • Thorough search of literature is carried out • Studies or reports are selected for inclusion • The quality of each study or report is assessed • All RCTs (or other high quality studies) on a similar subject are synthesised and summarised. • The findings are interpreted and presented as a balanced and impartial summary

26. The Cochrane Library An international organisation and a collection of databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Cochrane Methodology Register NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA). Contains reliable evidence about the effectiveness of Interventions

27. An example of a search strategy http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub2/abstract (navigate to Appendices for search strategy via ‘Jump to’ box under Article tab). Adjacency Truncation Synonyms Subject headings v free text searching Limit to specific fields e.g. PT (publication type)

28. What’s the difference between a systematic review and a literature view? A literature review cites the conclusions of previous studies in order to provide a historical overview of a particular field of research. A systematic review also contains a summary of previous research, but in addition it compiles data from multiple studies, performs statistical analyses on this aggregate data, and then draws new conclusions from the results of this analysis.

29. Has someone beaten you to it? Check PROSPERO • Does your systematic review already exist? To find out check PROSPERO the international prospective register for systematic review protocols: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ • “The best way to reduce unnecessary duplication of systematic reviews may be to make it compulsory for systematic reviewers to identify existing reviews, either protocols or completed reviews, before conducting their own review. This could form the first step of the review process.” Moher, D. (2013) 'The problem of duplicate systematic reviews', BMJ, 347, f5040. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5040

30. Study flow diagrams Flow diagram should present the number of: • unique records identified by the searches • records excluded after preliminary screening (e.g. of titles and abstracts) • records retrieved in full text • records or studies excluded after assessment of full text • studies meeting eligibility criteria for the review • studies contributing to the main outcome • check lists and flow diagrams available from the PRISMA web site (PRISMA, 2009)

32. Documenting your search: Why? This is crucial because: • It forms a vital part of the systematic review in its own right • Your searches should be able to be evaluated by other researchers and reproduced in the future

33. Documenting your search: What you need to record • Information about the databases and interfaces searched including dates covered and when you did your search • Full, detailed search strategies (copied and pasted) and the number of records retrieved • Details of other searches including conference proceedings, handsearching, contact with experts, reference lists and citation searching and internet searching • You’ll also need to specify the criteria you use to select trials – beyond the scope of this course! • There are examples at • http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/pdf/Systematic_Reviews.pdf [Appendix 2]

34. External Resources • CRD’s Guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/index_guidance.htm • Cochrane Handbook (for systematic reviewers) http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ http://training.cochrane.org/ • Intertasc – search filter resource www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/intertasc/

35. The Cochrane Handbook http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions. Part 2, Section 6 – Searching for Studies.

36. Grey Literature There are many definitions of grey literature, but it is usually taken to mean literature that is not formally published in sources such as books or journal articles.” (Cochrane Handbook, 2011) Examples of grey literature include: • Technical or research reports from government agencies • Reports from scientific research groups • Working papers from research groups or committees • Doctoral dissertations • Some conference proceedings and official publications

37. Searching grey literature I • OpenGrey (System for Information on Grey Literature) http://www.opengrey.eu/ • Trials registers - US register of clinical trials • Conference proceedings – Web of Science, Medline, Scopus • Circulars, press releases and health in the community – HMIC • Dissertations and theses - WorldCat dissertations and Theses (OCLC) can be accessed via King’s databases page. British Library’s eThos site – http://ethos.bl.uk

38. Searching grey literature II • Hand searching - Physically searching the contents of journals, conference proceedings and abstracts page by page. Could include articles not yet included in databases • Direct contact – making direct contact with authors or organisations for further information • Relevant internet resources - Royal College and Society webpages for reports and guidance. Nice Evidence Search or TRIP • Google or Google Scholar?

39. Summaries of Evidence BMJ Best Practice Single source of information delivered at the point of care - latest research evidence, guidelines and expert opinion – presented in a step-by-step approach, covering prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Includes Clinical Evidence content. Access from the Databases link at http://www.kcl.ac.uk/library

40. Evidence Search (previously NHS Evidence) http://www.evidence.nhs.uk/ NICE search engine of evidence based resources, e.g. guidelines and reviews Covers health and social care

41. TRIP TRIP is a medical search engine with emphasis on evidence based medicine and clinical guidelines and queries, including content from Cochrane and Bandolier. Its primary function is to help clinicians identify the best available evidence with which to answer clinical questions

42. Critical Appraisal – use a checklist, available on the CASP website • http://www.caspinternational.org

43. More info on the Library Subject Guide http://kcl.ac.uk.campusguides.com/medicine