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Final / AP Review Questions. A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study’s sample population operational definition control group randomization.
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Final / AP Review Questions A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study’s sample population operational definition control group randomization
Final / AP Review Questions Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information Behavioral Psychodynamic Evolutionary Cognitive Sociocultural
Final / AP Review Questions Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following? Learning Motivation Development Sensation Perception
Final / AP Review Questions All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following? A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar. A greater difference threshold for hearing than Oscar. A deficit in a sensory system other than hearing A greater amount of experience with approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar A tendency for confabulation
Unit XII: Motivation What Motivates You? Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology Applies psychological principles & motivational concepts to the workplace. • Personnel Psychology: Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers. Personnel psychologists assist organizations at various stages of selecting and assessing employees. • Organizational Psychology: Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.
Motivation Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Four perspectives to explain motivation include the following: • Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Psychology) • Drive-Reduction Theory • Arousal Theory • Hierarchy of Motives AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren Alan Ralston
Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Drive-Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951). The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state (e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature). Where our needs push,incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.
Here’s a test: In front of you are five targets (for example, a ring toss game). Each is placed at an increasing distance from where you are standing. You are given a ring to toss at the target of your choice: • Target A, anyone can hit • Target B, most people can hit • Target C, some people can hit • Target D, very few people can hit • Target E is rarely, if ever, hit If you hit A, you will receive $2; B,$4; C,$8; D,$16; and E,$32. You get only one toss. Which one would you choose?
Psychosocial / Interpersonal Drives • David McClelland & John Atkinson (1953) began to explore individual differences in Need for Achievement (nAch), a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones, and to avoid failure. • Need for Affiliation (nAff)- the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. • Need for Power (nPwr)- There is also motivation and need towards increasing personal status and prestige either for themselves or their institution.
Final / AP Review Questions Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it? Naturalistic observation Correlational research Survey research Case study Experimental research
Final / AP Review Questions Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following? Sampling bias Experimenter bias The social desirability bias The bystander effect The placebo effect
Final / AP Review Questions The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? When scolded by his parents, a college student reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy. A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes’ performances A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends. After exams were graded in returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult. After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair.
Final / AP Review Questions Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person’s balance ability to develop plans vision fine motor movements language processing
Final / AP Review Questions After staring at a green, black, and orange “American flag” for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? Trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory Retinex theory Color constancy Convergence
Monocular Depth Cues • Relative Size: If two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being the closest to the observer. • Texture Gradient: When you are looking at an object that extends into the distance, such as a grassy field, the texture becomes less and less apparent the farther it goes into the distance. • Motion Parallax: As you are moving, objects that are closer seem to zoom by faster than do objects in the distance. When you are riding in a car for example, the nearby telephone poles rush by much faster than the trees in the distance. • Aerial Perspective/Relative Clarity: Objects that are farther away seem to be blurred or slightly hazy due to atmosphere. • Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance. For example, the outer edges of a road seem to grow closer and closer until they appear to meet. The closer together the two lines are, the greater the distance will seem. • Interposition (Overlap): When one object overlaps another, the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away. • Light and Shadow: lighting usually from above • Accommodation: ?????? Remember this one ???????
Final / AP Review Questions James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have? Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Down syndrome Autistic disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Arousal Theory: Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive. Myron Zuckerman argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want and has identified four forms of sensation-seeking: Thrill-and Adventure-Seeking, Experience-Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility
Arousal Theory: Yerkes-Dodson Law Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high-moderate level while more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Just days before the 2013 Boston Marathon, a beautiful bronze statue was unveiled near the starting line of the Marathon. The 2013 race was to be the 31st and final Boston Marathon for the inspirational father-son duo. During President Barack Obama's speech at a Boston Memorial Service, Obama referenced the duo, saying "We’ll keep going. We will finish the race. In the words of Dick Hoyt, who’s pushed his disabled son, Rick, in 31 Boston Marathons – ‘We can’t let something like this stop us.’ This doesn’t stop us."
Monday, the Hoyts ran their 32d Boston Marathon and they say it will be their last as a duo. The Hoyts had planned to make the 2013 Marathon their last because Dick is 73 and Rick is 52, and Dick’s increasingly painful back was barking out instructions to give it a rest. But after the bombings at the finish line, and after the Hoyts were among the more than 5,000 runners who were stopped before completing the 2013 race, they decided to come back to finish their personal race and to honor the human spirit of those killed and injured at last year’s race.
3 Types of Motivational Conflicts: Conflict within an individual is the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives. To understand the dynamics of conflict, psychologists have tried to answer one key question: "What factors make some choices easy and others difficult?" • Approach-approach Conflict: Both goals are desirable. Example: On Friday night, should you go to the movies with your best friend or dinner with that really cute guy/girl from history class. Assuming both choices appeal to you, you have a conflict because you can only chose one. • Avoidance-avoidance Conflict: Stuck between a rock and a hardplace. Example: If your parents tell you to clean your room or rake leaves and you desire neither one you are experiencing an avoidance-avoidance conflict. • Approach-avoidance Conflict:The same goal has qualities that make the individual want to approach it and other qualities that make him want to avoid it. Example: Let's say you love cotton candy but the sugar gives you gas.
Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: here you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features. • Example: The best example is choosing a college that you want to go to. Obviously you are deciding between Duke and Harvard. Well Duke has better weather (attractive), but their lacrosse team is not the most upstanding (unattractive). Harvard has a great legacy (attractive) but crimson is such a horrid color (unattractive).
Final / AP Review Questions Which of the following is true of the two sets of scores above? Set A has a larger standard deviation Set B has a larger standard deviation The range is the same for both distributions Set A has a lower median score than set B The mean score is the same for both distributions
Final / AP Review Questions Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on Male repression of females, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on economics Rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context Legalistic ideals, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on more humanistic ideals Observational learning, whereas the moral reasoning of females is genetically determined for the most part Physical strength, whereas males start developing morally later than females but surpass them soon afterward
Final / AP Review Questions An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the left visual cortex right visual cortex right side of the left retina left side of the right retina sensory cortex
Final / AP Review Questions Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory? Attention Cognition Differentiation Perception Sensation
Final / AP Review Questions Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? Linear perspective Texture gradient Interposition Retinal disparity Motion parallax
Final / AP Review Questions If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that appeared early in the list appeared near the end of the list appeared in the middle of the list were very unlike the rest of the words were randomly dispersed throughout the list
Final / AP Review Questions Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized? Humanist Behavioral Gestalt Cognitive Psychodynamic
Hunger MotivationThe Physiology of Hunger • Never eat a live mole! This seagull did, the mole tried to tunnel out and they both died.
Hunger MotivationThe Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).
Hypothalamus & HormonesLevels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger.
