Final Exam Review- US AP 2009 (if you know everything on this, you’ll do fine)

1. Final Exam Review- US AP 2009 • (if you know everything on this, you’ll do fine)

2. Credit Mobilier Scandal created by high ranking executives of the Union Pacific Railroad. Gave cheap stocks to congressmen who voted to give the company more money. Scandal escaped when Oakes Ames, the head of the company, had a disagreement with Henry Simpson McComby, who leaked the information to papers. Several of President Grant’s fellow Republican party members got caught up in the scandal.

3. Party Politics in the Late 1800’s • For the most part, there were very few differences between the Democrats and the Republicans. • Party loyalty counted for a great deal. • Republicans for the most part were in favor of the spoils system, big business, and the annexation of more territory. • Democrats were also pro-business, but were against corruption and imperialism.

4. Supreme Court in Late 1800’s • Passed 14th amendment • The Civil Rights Cases (1883) declared that congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by individuals, only by the government. • Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) – Separate but equal. • Usually sided with corporations.

5. Oil Industry • Fastest growing industry in late 1800’s. • Used instead of whale oil for lamps. • The Standard Oil Company was the largest oil company in America. • Run by John D. Rockefeller. • Though it was a monopoly, it sold quality oil at a cheap price. • The first major product of the oil industry was kerosene.

6. Unskilled Labor • The creation of factories led to a high demand of unskilled laborers. • These workers widened gap between skilled and unskilled laborers. • This division led to the creation of labor unions and had brief success in several cities. • Eventually skilled and unskilled laborers were reunited under the banner of the American Federation of Labor.

7. United States Steel • This was another industry developed after the Civil War. • The main producer of steel in the US was the Carnegie Steel Company. • This was led by Andrew Carnegie, who followed vertical integration. • The company was a monopoly who played a main role in the failure of early labor unions. • The steel was used for infrastructure and railroads. • First billion dollar industry in the U.S.

8. Prohibition • Early prohibition was led by women. • The National Prohibition Party was formed in 1869 to combat alcoholism. • The Women’s Christian Temperance Union was created in 1874 and used intimidation to get their point across. • Carrie A. Nation used a hatchet to smash beer bottles in bars. • The movement grew well into the 20th century.

9. Immigration Restriction • Created by a surge of Anti-foreignism and nativism. • This was due to a sudden influx of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. • They were blamed for the decay of the cities and for taking over the job market. • An 1882 restriction prohibited criminals and convicts from entering the country. • This was the first of many laws that would prevent people from coming to America.

10. Indian Policies • 1887 – General Allotment Act passed • This was an attempt to assimilate native tribes into the American mainstream. • Gave Native Americans a sense of land ownership and inspired them to become farmers. • The act took ownership of tribal lands away from tribes themselves and gave them to individuals. • Warfare included cruelty and massacres on both sides. • Intensified as the mining frontier expanded.

11. Agrarian Concerns • In the late 1800’s there were low prices on farmer’s products, so they made less money. • Railroads charged outrageous fees to farmers for the transportation of their crops. • Many farmers opposed the gold standard to counter the deflation that was spreading through the country. • Farmers were by nature highly independent and individualistic. • Eventually the Populist Party was formed, which was a political party made of mostly of free silver farmers in the south and west.

12. 1896 Presidential Election • Republican Candidate: William McKinley • Democratic Candidate: William Jennings Bryan • Primary Issue: Gold Standard V. Free Silver • Results: McKinley def. Bryan • Significance: America was beginning to care more about urban issues than about farmers and rural issues.

13. The Spanish American War • On April 11, 1898, McKinley sent his war message to Congress, urging armed intervention to free the oppressed Cubans. The legislators responded uproariously with what was essentially a declaration of war. In a burst of self righteousness, they likewise adopted the hand tying Teller Amendment. This proviso proclaimed to the world that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cuban’s their freedom—a declaration that caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically.

14. American Imperialism • Policy of extending rule over foreign countries • America tried to extend its rule over Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, in the early 1900’s • Shows the strength and aggressive new national mood of the U.S in the world. • Created bad feelings with Latin American nations.

15. Panama Canal • Colombia blocks the canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901-Gave rights from Europe to America to build canal and to fortify it as well. • Cost dropped from $109 million to $40 million. • Congress decided in June 1902 on the Panama Route instead of Nicaragua. • Six mile wide zone in exchange for $10 million and $250,000/yr. • Roosevelt angry about its slow process

16. William McKinley • McKinley was the 25th president from 1897-1901 • He avoided the Spanish American war for some time • Sensitive to public opinion • Decided to keep recently freed Philippines for $20 million to Spain- not appreciated by the Filipinos.

17. Progressives • Emerged in the late 19th century into the 20th century in reference to a more general response to the vast changes brought by industrialization • Made great strides under presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Lyndon Baines Johnson. • Advocated- initiative, referendums, recall and direct election of US senators

18. New Nationalism Was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election Broad program of social welfare and gov’t regulation of business. • Argued for human welfare versus property rights • believed that the concentration in industry was not necessarily bad, if the industry behaved responsibly • wanted executive agencies (not the courts) to regulate business • supported child labor laws and minimum wage laws for women

19. Teddy Roosevelt During the Spanish-American War, was lieutenant colonel of the Rough Rider Regiment, which he led on a charge at the battle of San Juan. As President, held the ideal that the Government should be the deciding factor between the conflicting economic forces in the Nation, especially between capital and labor, guaranteeing equal justice to both sides. Progressive, but willing to compromise. “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. Weakened himself after the 1904 election when he declared he would not run for a third term. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War, reached a Gentleman's Agreement on immigration with Japan, and sent the Great White Fleet on a goodwill tour of the world.

20. Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 • Lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of objectionable business practices • The Clayton Act sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution • Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

21. Woodrow Wilson • The Second Democratic president since 1861 • Born in Virginia and raised in Georgia and the Carolinas • First man from one of the seceded southern states to become president since Zachary Taylor • Wilson felt that the president must “get out in front” and provide true leadership for congress in order for the government to properly function • Progressive Governor of NJ

22. Woodrow Wilson • Wilson was driven by idealism and wanted to make reform faster than many others were willing to • He was often completely unwilling to compromise • Was president between 1912 and 1920 • Created the Fourteen Points which founded the League of Nations

23. The 16th Amendment- personal income tax • This amendment allowed Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states • Was used by congress under the Wilson administration to begin a levy tax on incomes over $3,000.

24. The Seventeenth Amendment • Transferred senator selection from each state’s legislature to popular election by the people of each state • The amendment was had to have approved because many existing senators were happy with existing methods. • Issued around the fight for women’s suffrage

25. Social Changes The criminal syndicalism laws made social change unlawful. Traditional American ideals of free speech were restricted. There were many prejudice groups, and the KKK sprung up. Great Migration of Blacks to the North- resulted in racial violence.

26. Domestic Issues The main domestic issue was women's suffrage. They were not allowed to vote until the 19th amendment was passed. Race was also an issue and blacks did not enjoy the same rights as white people.

27. Civil Liberties The civil liberties are freedoms that protect a person from the government. It sets limit for government so they cannot abuse their power and interfere with the lives of its citizens. Rights include rights of people, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to due process, to a fair trial, to own property, and to privacy. Denied to many during WWI.

28. Zimmerman Note The Zimmerman note was a note written from German that was intended to go to Spanish Mexico asking for an alliance. The note was intercepted by the Americans. This helped the president get involved in the war because of Spanish Mexico was to get involved in the war it would be very dangerous for America to have a country so close to us involved.

29. American Motivation • Wilson persuaded the U.S. that WWI would be the “war to end all wars” and would make the world safe for democracy.

30. Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of WWI. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28 1919. The other central on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231-248 (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. By electing Republicans in 1920, Americans voiced their displeasure with the treaty and specially the League of Nations.

31. 18th and 19th Amendmets The 18th amendment is the banning of manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcahol in America. This was called prohibition. The 19th amendment prohibits each of the states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of their sex. Women gained full suffrage under this amendment.

32. 1920’s Prosperity • The prosperity of the 1920’s was brought on by WWI, because throughout the war industry boomed. • America was not able to buy goods from Europe during the war, and Europe also bought products that were not being produced on their home front. • Americans did not just buy goods and products, but were able to invest their money on the Wall Street market to “make a quick buck”.

33. 1920’s Prosperity Cont. • There are many physical signs of America’s prosperity during the 1920’s, such as sky scrapers, the Empire State building, new innovations on automobiles. • Production of iron ore, coal, petrol, and wheat expanded during the war, leading to new technological innovations in manufacturing. • With this prosperity, confidence in the government and the economy grew, as the unemployment rates dropped.

34. Prohibition People thought it would be permanent. • During the 1920’s, the Prohibition movement sought to: 1.Eliminate drunkenness and resulting abuse towards the drinker’s family and friends. 2.Get rid of saloons, which were breeding houses for prostitution and gambling, among many other sins. 3.To prevent on the job accidents due to alcohol abuse.

35. Prohibition Cont. • The Volstead Act of 1919 reinforced the prohibition of alcohol, that said: "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act". However, it did not actually prohibit the use of intoxicating liquor. • It was repealed in 1933, after it rapidly began to lose it’s advocates, and bootlegging began.

36. Gangsterism • Definition: the habit of using organized violence to achieve one’s ends; a member of an organized group of criminals; a racketeer. • Racketeer: one who obtains money by an illegal enterprise usually involving intimidation. • During the 1920’s, gangsters were involved with bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, and racketeering.

37. Gangsterism Cont • All the main cities in America suffered from this problem, but the most corrupt city was Chicago. • Chicago was dominated by a gangster named Al Capone, who’s income was an estimated $60,000,000 (from bootlegging), $25,000,000 (gambling), $10,000,000 (vice), and $10,000,000 from other rackets.

38. Normalcy • “Return to normalcy” meant a return to big business to Republicans. • Republicans ceased to promise progressive reforms and aimed to settle into traditional patterns of government. • In 1920, after eight years under a progressive Democrat, a Republican president was nominated, and supporters of big business and isolationism reaped the benefits.

39. Isolationism • the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.

40. Isolationism Cont. • After WWI, America was very prosperous, and they also believed that since they fought and toiled so much during the war, they should be able to enjoy these new benefits, and felt as though foreign interference would threaten it. • America kept to itself and took little part in international relations and trade.

41. Isolationism Cont. • America also cut Europe off by limiting the number of immigrants they let in; America went from practicing the Open Door Policy, to only accepting 150,000 immigrants per year. This also meant that it was more difficult to get into America, so the poor people from Greek and Italy had a very slim chance of getting visas.

42. Mitchell Palmer • Born May 4th 1872 • Served in House of Representatives and was appointed to Attorney General in 1919 • Worried by the revolutions that happened in Russia, and became convinced that communist operatives were seeking to overthrow the U.S government • He passed acts such as the Espionage and the Sedition Act to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations • Led the fight against the “red scare”

43. Teapot Dome Scandal • The scandal was when Albert B. Fall convinced the secretary of the Navy to give him control of the Teapot Dome oil fields • The fields had been government used for the Navy • He then rented them out to private corporations for his own personal gain

44. Herbert Hoover • 31st President of the United States • He was a professional mining engineer and an author • Beat democrat Al Smith in a Landslide victory • Hoovers political legacy is dampened due to the unfortunate timing of the Great Depression • He is typically ranked as one of the lowest presidents

45. Hoover’s Approach to the Depression • Hoover’s stance on economy based largely on volunteerism • It is widely criticized that Hoover did nothing while the world economy crumbled and some thought he took a laissez-faire • Hoover did try some things but most of his policies did not work or did very little- offered federal assistance to businesses and banks, but not directly to individuals

46. The Great Depression

47. Harry Hopkins • Head of FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Act) • Aim was immediate relief instead of long-range recovery • Agency in all rented about $3 billion to states for direct dole payments primarily for wages and work projects • Head of CWA (Civil Works Administration) • Designed to provide temporary jobs during cool winter • Provided emergency jobs to tens of thousands of people

48. Glass-Steagall Act • Formed by Hundred Days Congress • Boosted public reliance on banking system • Provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual deposit up to $5,000 • Ended the epidemic of bank failures

49. Social Security Act of 1935 • Believed by Democrats, or New Dealers, to be the most important act • Greatest victory • One of the most complicated and far reached laws passed in Congress • Established to prevent future depressions • Provided federal-state unemployment insurance and security for old age special categories of retired workers that received special payments from Washington (ranged from $10 to $85 a month) • Provisions also made for blind, physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependencies • 45 million people were eligible by 1939

50. FDR • President during the Great Depression • Created New Deal policies employed by government to eliminate depression • Three R’s-Recovery, Relief, Reform • “fireside chats”-created to restore confidence • Created jobs • People felt that he helped end the Great Depression