Open Source in Libraries:

1. Marshall Breeding Director for Innovative Technology and Research Vanderbilt University Library Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding Open Source in Libraries: Current Trends and Issues March 22, 2011 Computers in Libraries 2011

2. Abstract Libraries have a natural affinity with open source software, and many have implemented it for their strategic automation infrastructure, including ILS and discovery systems. In his analysis of the library automation industry, Breeding tracks the pace of adoption of open source library automation. Come hear his perspectives on the current and emerging trends of open source in the industry relative to proprietary products and how it fares relative to broader trends such as comprehensive resource management, cloud computing, and new-generation discovery.

3. Context: Basic library automation trends • Transition away from legacy Integrated Library System model • Transition into new genre of Library Services Platforms • Large-scale consolidation of automation: regional, state-wide, national • Converged workflows: Print, electronic, digital • Increased reliance on cloud technologies: multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Enterprise-level infrastructure • Platform of open APIs for customized functionality and interoperability

4. Adoption Patterns by Libraries

5. Recent ILS Industry Contracts

6. ILS Turnover Report

7. ILS Turnover Report -- Reverse

8. Perceptions of Open Source

9. Perceptions Survey – Open Source Interest

10. Perceptions Survey – Perceived functionality

11. Perceptions Survey – ILS Satisfaction

12. Business Models

13. Commercial involvement • Almost all installations of open source ILS products in the United States involve contracts with commercial companies • A very small minority of independent installations • Some non-profits offering open source support: LYRASIS • Consortial arrangement: • Consortial office provides support to libraries • Commercial firm provides support to consortial office

14. The business of open source • ManyCommercial companies with interest in open source library automation products • Revenue sources • Conversion of data from incumbent system • Installation / configuration • Training • Support / Help desk • Hosting • Sponsored Development

15. Proprietary software business model • Software License Fee • Conversion, Installation, training • Annual maintenance for upgrades, service, support (~15 percent) • Hosting (optional)

16. Software as a service (multi-tenant) • Open source or proprietary • All-inclusive subscription fee • Hosting • Maintenance (always up-to-date) • Support • Annual fee scaled to the size and complexity of library

17. Development Resources

18. Models of Openness

19. Closed Systems End User Interfaces: No programmable Access to the system. Captive to the user Interfaces supplied by the developer Programmer access: Acquisitions Cataloging Circulation Functional modules: Data Stores: Staff Interfaces:

20. Standard RDBM Systems Database administrators can access data stores involved with the system: Read-only? Read/write? Developer shares database schema End User Interfaces: Programmer access: Acquisitions Cataloging Circulation Functional modules: Data Stores: Staff Interfaces:

21. Open Source Model End User Interfaces: Programmer access: Acquisitions Cataloging Circulation All aspects of the system available to inspection and modification. Functional modules: Data Stores: Staff Interfaces:

22. Open API Model End User Interfaces: Programmer access: Core application closed. Third party developers code against the published APIs or RDBMS tables. Acquisitions Cataloging Circulation Functional modules: Published APIs Data Stores: Staff Interfaces:

23. Open Source / Open API Model End User Interfaces: Programmer access: Core application closed. Third party developers code against the published APIs or RDBMS tables. Acquisitions Cataloging Circulation Functional modules: Published APIs Data Stores: Staff Interfaces:

24. Application with API abstraction layer Public Interface Staff Interface Reports Module Delivered Interfaces Application Programming Interfaces API abstraction layer Core Functionality / Business Logic Core Software RDMS API Data stores

25. Application API exposed to External Applications Reports Module Public Interface Staff Interface External applications Delivered Interfaces Application Programming Interfaces API abstraction layer Core Functionality / Business Logic Core Software RDMS API Data stores

26. Application API exposed to External Applications Reports Module Public Interface Staff Interface External applications Delivered Interfaces use proprietary programming Core Functionality / Business Logic Application Programming Interfaces Core Software RDMS API Data stores

27. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy LMS Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

28. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model / API ` Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

29. $$$ Funds Policies BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model + protocol Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: InterlibraryLoan System Application Programming Interfaces Protocols: SIP2 NCIPZ39.50OAI-PMH Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Self-Check

30. $$$ Funds Policies BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model / External API Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ExternalSystems & Services Application Programming Interfaces / Web Services Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Flexible Interoperability Protocols: SIP2 NCIPZ39.50OAI-PMH

31. New Library Management Model Unified Presentation Layer Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Services Platform ` Digital Coll Search Engine Consolidated index Discovery Service ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

32. Is Open Source ILS transformative Open source version of legacy models? or New opportunities to support modern libraries?

33. Opening up Library Systems through Web Services and SOA: Hype or Reality? This report aims to assess the current slate of major library automation systems in regard to their ability to provide openness through APIs, Web services, and the adoption of SOA. Library Technology Reports Nov/Dec Issue 2009 by Marshall Breeding

34. Opening up Library Systems through Web Services and SOA: Hype or Reality? “We also note that the two open source systems lag behind proprietary systems in terms of customer-facing APIs that result in tangible activities which extend functionality or enable interoperability.” Library Technology Reports Nov/Dec Issue 2009 by Marshall Breeding

35. Opening up Library Systems through Web Services and SOA: Hype or Reality? “The APIs available to library programmers continue to be quirky and less than comprehensive, even from the vendors with the strongest offerings in this area.” Library Technology Reports Nov/Dec Issue 2009 by Marshall Breeding

36. Conclusion: many opportunities • Open source vs proprietary software • New models of library automation that better integrate physical and electronic content • New discovery interfaces to improve end-user experiences • Large-scale systems that enable broad based resource sharing • Cloud-based library automation will blur many distinctions between open source and proprietary software development

37. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

38. Possible new term for the successor to the ILS ILS now viewed as print-centric Next Generation systems must serve as platforms to connect external systems as well as to deliver internal functionality Delivered Functionality + library created extensions + interoperability Library Services Platform

39. Current Open Source ILS Products

40. Competing Models of Library Automation • Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS (print centric) • Millennium, Symphony, Polaris • Traditional Open Source ILS (print centric) • Evergreen, Koha • Hybrid Approach • Sierra Services Platform (Innovative Interfaces) • Library Services Platforms • Ex Libris Alma, Serials Solutions Alma, Kuali OLE, OCLC WorldShare Management Services

41. Originally developed in 1999 for small group of libraries in New Zealand, Horowhenua Library Trust by Katipo Communications, production use by Jan 2000 Gained widespread use in the United States around 2004-05 and has seen steady growth in use Wide international adoption Used in many thousands of libraries. 1,573 represented in lib-web-cats, with many large groups not yet registered. Koha

42. ByWater Solutions. Provides hosting and support services for libraries in the United States PTFS – LibLime. Provides development, hosting, and support for “LibLime Academic Koha” and “LibLime Koha” PTFS Europe. Service, hosting and support for Koha in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. BibLibre. Provides development, hosting and support primarily to libraries in France Catalist IT: provides development, hosting and support for libraries in Australia an New Zealand Libéo: Service and suppor for Koha to libraries in Canada Equinox Software, Inc. Provides development, support, and hosting for Koha to libraries in the United States. Most of the company’s business is based on Evergreen. Orex. Service and support for Koha in Spain Organizadatos: Service and support for Koha in Columbia and other parts of Latin America Librotech: Based in Norway to promote and provide service and support for Koha in Scandinavia. Katipo Communications. Service and support for Koha in New Zealand. Previously sold its interests in Koha to LibLime, but has since reinstated its involvement. Companies involved with Koha

43. Philippines: A systematic effort to install Koha in the public libraries sponsored by the state libraries Spain: Koha-Kobli http://kobli.bage.es/ Argentina. CONABIP (ComisiónNacional de BibliotecasPopulares) Customized version of Koha: DigiBepe http://www.conabip.gob.ar/faq/digibepe National Projects to deploy Koha

44. Koha Worldwide

45. Originally developed by the Georgia Public Library System for the PINES consortium of public libraries in Georgia PINES includes most of the small and mid-sized public libraries in Georgia, but not the largest urban areas (Atlanta, Cobb County, etc) Equinox Software, Inc. launched as a separate company in Feb 2007, including most of the team that originally created Evergreen within GPLS. Evergreen now used in over 1,000 libraries, primarily in the United States and Canada. Some recent international deployments Evergreen

46. Evergreen Worldwide

47. Kuali OLE • Mellon funded project to create new enterprise level automation platform for research libraries • 1-year planning project led by Duke University • Manage resources of all formats • More than an ILS / Less than an ILS • Community Source / Open Source

48. OLE Project: Phase I • Planning and Design Phase • Develop Vision + Blueprint • Work with consultants with expertise in SOA and BPM • Instill community ownership of OLE • Recruit partners for Phase II

49. Kuali OLE Project:Phase II • 2-year build project led by Indiana University • $2.38 million from Mellon matched by capital and in-kind contributions by development partners • Community source reference implementation • Create software based on OLE blueprint from current project • Early software in 18-24 months • High level of investment andcommitment to implementation

50. Comparative Issues: • Koha: (ILS) • Used in a wide range of library sizes and types • Very broad international deployment with translations into many languages • Many support companies in various countries and regions • Evergreen (ILS) • Created initially for library consortia, and has since followed that pattern. Very few instances for single libraries • Concentrated in US, Canada, initial deployments in Europe • Perceived as more complex to implement than Koha • Kuali OLE: (LSP) • Enterprise-level software for academic and research libraries • No libraries yet in production