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14.1. Revolutions in Russia . Long-term social unrest explodes in revolution and ushers in the first Communist government . NEXT. Czars Resist Change . Alexander III and Nicholas II 1881: Alexander III czar “Autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality” Censorship, secret police, exile

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  1. 14.1 Revolutions in Russia Long-term social unrest explodes in revolution and ushers in the first Communist government. NEXT

  2. Czars Resist Change • Alexander III and Nicholas II • 1881: Alexander III czar • “Autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality” • Censorship, secret police, exile • Oppressed non-Russians • pogroms—organized violence against Jews • Nicholas II continues autocracy NEXT

  3. Industrialization • 1863-1900: factories double; Russia still behind • 1890s: Witte industrializes Russia • steel production • Trans-Siberian Railroad • The Revolutionary Movement Grows • Unrest—gap between rich and poor increases • Marxism popular: rule of the proletariat • MENSHEVIKS • Want broad, popular support • BOLSHEVIKS • favor revolution by a small committed group • Lenin—Bolshevik leader NEXT

  4. Crises at Home and Abroad Factors of civil unrest: • defeat in Russo-Japanese War • Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 • Massacre of 200,000 workers marching on Winter Palace for reform • Nicholas forced to reform: • 1906: The Duma—first parliament • refuses to share power; dissolves Duma in 10 weeks • World War I • Unprepared and ineffective—major losses • Czarina Alexandra runs government • influenced by Rasputin—mysterious “holy man” • corrupt; murdered by nobles

  5. The March Revolution March 1917: strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire on workers • The Czar Steps Down • Protests becomes uprising; Nicholas abdicates • Dumaestablishes provisional government • Soviets—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—control cities • Lenin Returns to Russia • April 1917: Germans aid Lenin in returning from exile to Russia • Germany hopes to hurt war effort NEXT

  6. The Bolshevik Revolution • “Peace, Land, and Bread!” • November 1917: workers take control of the government • Bolsheviks and Lenin: • Give land to peasants • put workers in control of factories • Signs treaty with Germany to exit WWI • Civil War in Russia • Red Army wins three-year war; 14 million dead RED ARMY Bolsheviks; led by Leon Trotsky WHITE ARMY Opposed Bolsheviks; aid from U.S.

  7. Lenin Restores Order • New Economic Policy • March 1921: launches NEP—small-scale capitalism • 1928: Russia’s farms, factories are productive again • Political Reforms • creates self-governing republics under central government • 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.) • Renames Communist Party • Power struggle to replace Lenin: Trotsky vs. Stalin • Joseph Stalin—Communist Party general secretary • 1924: Lenin dies • 1928: Stalin gains complete control; exiles Trotsky NEXT

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