Science Graduation Exam Remediation NEW EXAM 2008 created by Lisa Atkinson T.R. Miller HS

1. Science Graduation Exam RemediationNEW EXAM2008created by Lisa AtkinsonT.R. Miller HS

2. 5. Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere –6 questions

3. levels of organization in the biosphere • Organisms: an individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds to stimuli, grows and develops • Populations: a group of organisms, all of one species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time • Communities: all the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time

4. levels of organization in the biosphere • Ecosystems: populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with the abiotic components of that area • Biosphere: a portion of the Earth that supports life

5. Order of Biomes • The sequence order that correctly identifies the levels of organizations in a biosphere from the most complex to the least complex • Ecosystem  Community  Population  Organism

6. Levels of organization in the cell • Cells: the fundamental unit of living things <Example: Each cell has some sort of hereditary material • Tissues: group of cells performing a specific function <Example: heart muscle tissue is found in the heart and its unique contraction properties aid the heart's functioning as a pump. .

7. Levels of organization in the cell • Organs: A group of cells or tissues performing an overall function. <Example: the heart is an organ that pumps blood within the cardiovascular system • Organ system: A group of cells, tissues, and organs that perform a specific major function. <Example: the cardiovascular system functions in circulation of blood

8. Levels of organization in the cell

9. Order of cells • The sequence order that correctly identifies the levels of organizations in a cell from the most complex to the least complex • Cell  Organ system  Organ  Tissue

10. 6. Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction, growth, and repair of cells –6 questions

11. Demonstrate an understanding of how meiosis leads to variation • Meiosis leads to variation in species • Meiosis produces haploid (the N number of chromosomes) cells which is used in reproduction • Haploid (N of chromosomes) produced in Meiosis • Diploid (2N of chromosomes) produced in Mitosis

12. Meiosis • Haploid Cells: the number of chromosomes (23 Pair) • Diploid Cells: 2 times the number of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)

13. Define the genetic purpose for meiosis from generation to generation

14. Describe the role of meiosis in reproduction • Asexual Reproduction: reproduction where one parent produces one or more identical offspring without the fusion of gametes • Sexual Reproduction: the formation of two haploid sex cells during reproduction

15. Mitosis • Plant more apple trees • Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

16. Prophase nucleus & nucleolus disappear Chromatin turns to chromosomes…disappear Centrioles break apart Metaphase Chromosomes move to the equator Chromosomes line up at the spindle fibers by the Centromere

17. Anaphase Sister chromatids pull apart Begin to migrate to opposite ends of the cell Telophase Nucleus, nucleolus, & nuclear envelop reappear Spindle fibers break down 2 new cells form

18. Anaphase Sister chromatids pull apart Begin to migrate to opposite ends of the cell Telophase Nucleus, nucleolus, & nuclear envelop reappear Spindle fibers break down 2 new cells form

19. Describe the role of both mitosis and meiosis • Mitosis and Meiosis are similar except during Meiosis, crossing over takes place

20. 7. Apply Mendel’s laws to determine phenotypic and genotypic probabilities of offspring –6 questions

21. Recognize dominant and recessive alleles and their roles in determining the phenotypes of offspring • ·Dominant: the trait that is shown when present and is shown with a capital letter • ·Recessive: a trait that is hidden when in the presence of a dominant. The only time a recessive is shown is when two traits are recessive

22. Compare the terms heterozygous and homozygous • ·Heterozygous: different zygotes Bb • ·Homozygous: same zygotes: BB or bb • ·Phenotype: words describing offspring (2 black, 2 brown) • ·Genotype: letters describing offspring (2 Bb, 2 bb)

23. Purple flowers are dominant over white flowers in the garden pea. If a plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers is allowed to self-pollinate (pollinate itself), what is the genotypic ratio for the offspring? P = Purple Pp x Pp p = white P p P p G = ½ PP, 2/4 Pp, ¼ pp 1:2:1 P = ¾ Purple, ¼ White 3:1

24. How is each gene expressed in parents and offspring

25. If a breed of dogs, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b), and straight fur (F) is dominant to curly fur (f). If a male and a female that both have the genotype BbFf have an offspring, what is the probability that offspring will have blue eyes? bF BF Bf bF bf 4/16 will have blue eyes BF Bf bF bf

26. Pedigree: graphic representation of family inheritance Identify physical traits that are passed from parent to offspring Male Parents Siblings Female Affected male Known heterozygotes for recessive allele Affected female Mating Death

27. Section 12.1 Summary – pages 309 - 314 Female Male I 1 2 • In a pedigree, a circle represents a female; a square represents a male. • Carrier is represented by a half shaded circle II 2 1 4 5 3 III 1 4 2 3 IV 5 3 4 2 1

28. Genetic diseases, disorders • Simple Recessive Heredity: caused by a recessive allele example: Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, & Phenylketonuria (PKU) • Simple Dominant Heredity: recessive alleles must be inherited by both parents example: widow’s peak, earlobe types, hitchhikers thumb, freckles, tongue rolling, Huntington’s disease, hair on the middle section of your fingers

29. 8. Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA and protein –6 questions

30. RNA Characteristics: Transports amino acids Is single helix Contains Uracil instead of Thymine Contains Ribose instead of Deoxyribose DNA Characteristics Contains genetic information Cannot leave the nucleus/ is found in the Nucleolus Is double helix Contains Thymine instead of Uracil Contains Deoxyribose instead of Ribose Functions of DNA & RNA

31. Chose the mRNA strand fro the DNA strand listed below • T A C G G A • Codon: a three nucleotide sequence (ATC) that encodes for an amino acid • It requires 3 amino acids to make 1 protein

32. DNA • Frameshift Mutation: a deletion or addition in a DNA sequence example: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG GBI TTH ECA • Point Mutation: a change in a DNA sequence example: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR

33. Basic Structure of DNA is the Double Helix. RNA however is single helix DNA & RNA Structure

34. DNA • Nitrogen Bases found in DNA: (A) Adenine = (T) Thymine (G) Guinine = (C) Cytosine • Nitrogen Bases found in RNA: (A) Adenine = (U) Uracil (G) Guinine = (C) Cytosine

35. DNA 1. Double Helix 2. Thymine bonds with Adenine 3. Nucleotides are Nitrogen Base Deoxyribose Phosphate Acid RNA 1. Single Helix 2. Uracil bonds with Adenine 3. Nucleotides are Nitrogen Base Ribose Phosphate Acid Differences in DNA & RNA

36. How RNA Works! • After DNA replicates in the nucleolus, it unzips • mRNA enters and bonds with the single strand • tRNA carries amino acids to bond with the mRNA • rRNA reads the replicated strand in the ribosome