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Intro to Animal Structure & Function

Intro to Animal Structure & Function. Ch. 40. Cellular Organization The way that cells are organized Tissues : similar cells performing a common function Four types of animal tissue: Epithelial (outer skin, mucous membranes) Connective (Blood, cartilage, bone) Nervous (Neurons)

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Intro to Animal Structure & Function

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  1. Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40

  2. Cellular Organization • The way that cells are organized • Tissues: similar cells performing a common function • Four types of animal tissue: • Epithelial (outer skin, mucous membranes) • Connective (Blood, cartilage, bone) • Nervous (Neurons) • Muscle (Contractile tissue) • Organs: group of different tissues working together to perform a job (ex. Heart) • Organ System: 2+ organs working together to perform a job. (Circulatory system)

  3. Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System

  4. Regulating the Internal Environment • The purpose of most animal systems is to aid in keeping homeostasis • Homeostasis: stable internal conditions. • Slight fluctuations, but mostly stable • Negative Feedback: change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction • Results in a fairly stable environment • Most homeostatic mechanisms in animals use negative feedback

  5. Positive Feedback: a change in a variable that triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change. • Ex: During childbirth, pressure from the baby’s head stimulates contractions, which cause even greater pressure, which in turn stimulates more contractions, etc. • Positive feedback has an amplifying effect

  6. Endothermic: Bodies warmed by heat generated by metabolism • Body temperature must be maintained at a certain level to sustain life • Also called “homeotherms” or “warm-blooded” • Ectothermic: Do not produce enough metabolic heat to have an effect on body temperature. • Obtain body heat from environment • Ex: amphibians, reptiles, fish • Also called “poikilotherms” or “cold-blooded”

  7. Some ways that animals control body temperatures: • Behavior: Hibernation, Daytime/Nighttime activity • Metabolism: metabolic activity such as muscle contraction generates heat • Evaporation: sweating and panting loses heat. • Adjusting Surface Area: By controlling the amount of blood sent to the body’s extremities heat can be lost or absorbed. Animals can control blood flow with vasodilation or vasoconstriction.

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