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Intro to Animal Structure & Function

Explore the organization of cells into tissues, organs, and systems in animals, and how these systems regulate internal environments to maintain homeostasis. Learn about endothermic and ectothermic animals, and mechanisms they use to control body temperatures.

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Intro to Animal Structure & Function

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  1. Intro to Animal Structure & Function Ch. 40

  2. Cellular Organization • The way that cells are organized • Tissues: similar cells performing a common function • Four types of animal tissue: • Epithelial (outer skin, mucous membranes) • Connective (Blood, cartilage, bone) • Nervous (Neurons) • Muscle (Contractile tissue) • Organs: group of different tissues working together to perform a job (ex. Heart) • Organ System: 2+ organs working together to perform a job. (Circulatory system)

  3. Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System

  4. Regulating the Internal Environment • The purpose of most animal systems is to aid in keeping homeostasis • Homeostasis: stable internal conditions. • Slight fluctuations, but mostly stable • Negative Feedback: change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction • Results in a fairly stable environment • Most homeostatic mechanisms in animals use negative feedback

  5. Positive Feedback: a change in a variable that triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change. • Ex: During childbirth, pressure from the baby’s head stimulates contractions, which cause even greater pressure, which in turn stimulates more contractions, etc. • Positive feedback has an amplifying effect

  6. Endothermic: Bodies warmed by heat generated by metabolism • Body temperature must be maintained at a certain level to sustain life • Also called “homeotherms” or “warm-blooded” • Ectothermic: Do not produce enough metabolic heat to have an effect on body temperature. • Obtain body heat from environment • Ex: amphibians, reptiles, fish • Also called “poikilotherms” or “cold-blooded”

  7. Some ways that animals control body temperatures: • Behavior: Hibernation, Daytime/Nighttime activity • Metabolism: metabolic activity such as muscle contraction generates heat • Evaporation: sweating and panting loses heat. • Adjusting Surface Area: By controlling the amount of blood sent to the body’s extremities heat can be lost or absorbed. Animals can control blood flow with vasodilation or vasoconstriction.

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