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Animal Form & Function

Animal Form & Function. An animal’s form (anatomy) and its function (physiology) determine its niche (where is lives and what it does) within the biosphere. Size & Shape - Body Design & Plan product of natural selection by the environment governed by the laws of physics

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Animal Form & Function

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  1. Animal Form & Function An animal’s form (anatomy) and its function (physiology) determine its niche (where is lives and what it does) within the biosphere. • Size & Shape- Body Design & Plan • product of natural selection by the environment • governed by the laws of physics • max wt. per wing span for flight • hydrodynamics for swimming speed

  2. Exchange of energy with the Environment • Depends on the ability to provide an aqueous medium for the plasma membrane • dissolved nutrients must diffuse across the plasma membrane • all cells must have access to the same medium • extensively folded and branched cells provide a means for accomplishing this when the surface area is very small • remember that larger animals have smaller surface areas • whale - small • hydra - large surface area • hard coverings help prevent water loss enabling a complex organism to live on land

  3. Tissue Form leads to Specialized Function • Epithelial tissue • covers the outside of the body and lines organs & cavities • closely joined • functions as a barrier against microbial attack and water loss • Modifiers • Glandular • secretes and absorbs chemicals • mucus membrane • simple epithelium • single layered • stratified epithelium • multiple layers • structural shapes • cuboidal - square • columnar - rectangular • squamous - flat

  4. Connective tissue • binds and supports tissues • primarily made of proteins • Types • collagenous • made of collagen (most abundant protein in animals) • nonelastic, strong (helps skin resist tearing) • Elastic fibers • long fibers made of elastin • rubbery - (helps skin come back to shape) • Reticular fibers • meshwork of collagenous fibers that connects connective tissue to neighboring tissues

  5. Specialized Connective Tissue • Human examples of connective tissue • loose connective tissue (fibroblasts, macrophages) • adipose tissue • blood • bone • fibrous connective tissue • cartilage

  6. Muscle Tissue F O N • made of long contractile muscle fibers • contractile unit is called a myofibril • made primarily of actin and myosin • arranged in parallel • most abundant tissue in the body using the majority of the bodies energy resources • Types in Humans • skeleton - locomotion, voluntary • smooth - involuntary • cardiac - heart

  7. Nervous Tissue • Senses stimuli and transmits message in the form on nerve impulses • to another nerve unit or a motor unit (muscle) • functional unit is the neuron (nerve cell) • concentrated in the brain and spinal chord

  8. Organs and organ systems • organs are an aggregate of tissues for a specific purpose • tissues can be arranged in layers or can be of a single type • vertebrate organs are contained in connective tissue called mesenteries within fluid filled cavities • thoracic cavity • heart & lungs • abdominal cavity • kidneys, stomach, intestines • separated by diaphragm • organ systems must be coordinated to provide the organism the support necessary for stasis (normal life function)

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