PHOTO: Bob Cirino, University of Delaware

1. Biochar Properties micropores Microbial Colonization Substrate Terra Preta = “Microbial Reef” equivalent to a coral reef in the sea absorbed water adsorbed nutrients residential refuges long-term inhabitation: centuries stable communities & infrastructures Biochar added to soil provides nutrient & water storage for mycorrhizal fungi. Hyphae invade biochar pores and support spore reproduction. Dr. Makato Ogawa Kansai Environmental, Japan Biochar is sought out by mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, other microbes, and plant root hairs PHOTO: Bob Cirino, University of Delaware PHOTO: Makato Ogawa Fungi on New Char Fungi on 100 Year Old Char internal hollow spaces S4700 3.0kV 11.9mm x 300 SEM 12/2/13 PHOTOS: Josiah Hunt, Hawaii Biochar

2. Biochar Properties Microbial Colonization Paul Stamets, PhD Overview Doctorate of Mycelium Biochar is super-stable, doesn’t degrade, and is not digested by microbes. Mushroom Stability of Biochar in the Environment Andrew R. Zimmerman and Bin Gao Impact on Plant Resistance to Disease E.R. Graber and Y. Elad Biochar-Fungi Interactions in Soils Katja Wiedner and Bruno Glaser Potential to Remediate Contaminated Soils Jose L. Gomez-Eyles, Luke Beesley, Eduardo Moreno-Jimenez, Upal Ghosh and Tom Sizmur Studying the Role of Biochar with Isotopic Tracing Bruno Glaser, Katja Wiedner and Michaela Dippold Designing Specific Biochars to Address Soil Constraints: A Developing Industry Stephen Joseph, Lukas Van Zwieten, Chee Chia, S Kimber, Paul Munroe, Yun Lin, Chris Marjo, James Hook, Torsten Thomas, Shaun Nielsen , S Donne and Paul Taylor Compare Methods to Apply to Temperate Soils Don Graves www.fungiperfectii.com Lewis Carroll’s Table of Contents Fungus Fedora Alice in Wonderland fruiting body Mr. Mycelium speaks at a festival in Australia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwLviP7KaAc 1 hour 20 minutes packed with info and perspective last 5 minutes arouses tears & cheers Biochar has physical properties able to retain soil nutrients and render them easily bioavailable. sex organ Soil Symbiosis Gills Fungus-Root Interactions Myco-Rhizome Interactions Mycorrhizal Interactions Magic Mushrooms Biochar has great impact on soil nutrients, bio-communities and their functions. undergroundintimacies above ground What we see What we don’t see below ground • Direct & indirect effects of on soil organisms: • on the soil carbon cycle • on plant resistance to disease • interactions with pathogenic fungi • interactions with mycorrhizal fungi • biochar super-stability in soil Mycelium Old-Growth Fungi roots of fungi Gateway Drug to The Underworld more biomass in soil Lion’s Mane mushroom The world’s largest organism is in east Oregon: a contiguous growth of mycelium estimated 2,400 acres (1,665 football fields), and 2,200 years old. This one fungus killed the forest above it several times, and built ever-deeper soil layers to grow ever-larger trees. Mycelial mats of forest fungi achieve massive proportions. —Paul Stamets than above Garden Giant mushroom Shiitake mushroom bacteria Hericiumerinaceus Turkey Tail mushroom Trametesversicolor experimental cancer treatment Reishi (Lingzhi) mushroom choice edible when young texture of cooked mushroom is like seafood Chinese vegetarian cuisine replaces pork or lamb cultivated commercially on logs or sterile sawdust 1000x smaller than mycelium Special focus on remediatiing polluted soils Strophariarugosoannulata “Down the White Rabbit Hole” Lentinula edodes genus Ganoderma mycelial wastewater filtration culinary delight too small to see by normal eyesight Possible toxic effects on soil fauna grown on hardwood logs produce the antibiotic ganomycin PHOTO: Stuart Isett PHOTO: Stuart Isett PHOTO: Paul Stamets PHOTO: Stuart Isett